أوبري دريك غراهام معروف باسم دريك(ولد أكتوبر 24، 1986)، دريك أصبح معروفا عن طريق لعبة دور جيمي بروكس في المسلسل الكندي Degrassi: The Next Generation.[6][7][8]
في حزيران 2009 وقع دريك عقدا مع شركتة يونغ ماني الذي يملكها ليل وين، وفي نوفمبر من نفس العام اعلن ليل وين بيان يعلن به ان تم الانتهاء من البوم دريك الاستوديوا الأول وكان عنوانه ‘ أشكرني لاحقا ” (بالإنجليزية: Thank Me Later )’و قد أصدر الالبوم في حزيران 15، 2010 إحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في ترتيب الألبومات الأمريكية بيلبورد200 وحاز علي جائزة البلاتنيوم من رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية[9]، وفي 15 نوفمبر من عام 2011 أصدر دريك البومه الاستوديو الثاني ب عنوان ‘ Take Care ‘و أيضا كان مقرر ان يصدر البوم دريك MIXTAPE R & B في المستقبل جانبا بجانب الالبوم بالتعاون مع ليل وين ولكن تم تاجيله لأسباب مختلفه.
و قد عمل دريك مع العديد من الفنانين في مجال الهيب هوب مثل: ليل وين، جيزي يونغ، كانييه ويست، إمينيم و مس رانا نانا، جي-زي وقد شارك أيضا مع فنانين آخرين في مجالات أخرى مثل : ريهانا، نيكي ميناج، أليشيا كيز. وقد تم ترشيح دريك لجوائز جرامي وحتى تم اختياره لأداء مراسم الجرامي 2010، وقد فازت شركة دريك للإنتاج بعديد من الجوائز ومن الجوائز كانت جائزتين من جونو ورد لأفضل مغني راب جديد في 2010.
ولد أوبري دريك غراهام في 24 اوكتوبر 1986 في تورونتو كندا، وهو ابن لاري غراهام هودجز الذي كان يعزف الدرامز الذين عملوا مع جيري لي لويس وساندي غراهام، ووالد دريك هو أمريكي أفريقي من ممفيس – تينيسي ووالدته هي الكندية البيضاء اليهودية. ووالديه مطلقين من هو كان في الخامسة من عمره وهو قد عاش مع والدته في تورنتو في حي هيل الغني بالغابات، وقد بداء في مهنة التمثيل عن طريق دراسته في معهد غابات الجماعي هيل ولكنه لم يدرس الدراسات العليا، وكان يمضي معظم الصيف مع والده في ممفيس. وقد ذكر دريك ان طلاق والديه قد اثر فيه كثيرا: كان علي ان اصير رجلا بسرعة جدا وان اكون العمود الفقري للمراه الذي احبها من كل قلبي والدتي.
في عام 2001 بدأ دريك حياته المهنية في التمثيل في دور جيمي بروكس في مسلسل ديقريس : الجيل التالي، وكان الدور يتحدث ان بروكس هو نجم كرة السلة الذي أصبح معوق جسديا بعد أن اطلق النار عليه من قبل زميلة، وقد انها شخصيته في المسلسل بعد 138 حلقه. وفي يونيو 2010 اعلن دريك ان سيكون له دور بارز في لعبة الفيديو التروس الحرب 3. وكان من المقرر ان يلعب جزءا من ستراتون جيس ولكن تضارب المواعيد يعني انه ذهب الي شخص آخر.و في اواخر يناير 2011 اعلن ان دريك كان في مفاوضات من اجل ان ينضم إلى ايفا غرين وسوزان ساراندون في الفيلم المترقب ‘ التحيكم ‘ ولكن في نيسان 2011 اعلن دريك ان الفيلم ليس في مخططته وهو يضع تركيزه الكامل ع البومه الجديد.
دریک
في شباط 2006 أصدر دريك أول MIXTAPE المحسنه وقد اتيحت عبر موقعه ع الإنترنت وصفحته في ماي سبيس الرسمية. وفي عام 2007 اطلق سراح MIXTAPE آخر وقدر اصر أيضا فيديو “Replacement Girl” مع المغني تري سونغز، وفي عام 2007 أصبح أول مغني راب كندي غير مركزه الفني بسبب شريط فيديو واحد قد تميز به كما ظهر في عدت اغاني ري ماكس مع ليل وين كما ظهر في ري ماكس ” Man of the Year ” وكان تم إصداره من قبل بريسكو ورضا فلو. وفي عام 2008اعطى ليل وين بعض من اغاني الراب ل دريك وبعدها دعاه معه إلى هيوستن في جوله معه، ومن ثما سجل دريك العديد من الاغاني مع ليل وين مثل “Ransom” والنسخة الاصلية من “I Want This Forever” وبعض من الريمكس مثل أغنية دريك “Brand New” .
و في فبراير 2009 أصدر دريك MIXTAPE الرسمي الثالث وقد كان تحميلة مجانا على مدونته يضم كل من ليل وين وبي بون وأوماريون ولويد وتري سونغز وقد تم تنزيله أكثر من 2000 مرة فقط في الساعات الأولى من صدوره وقد حقق نجاح كاسح وقد وجدت هذه الاغاني في النهاية طريقها الي الراديو نظرا لنجاح اثنين من البومات MIXTAPE و من انجح الاغاني في هذا الالبوم “Best I Ever Had” و”Successful”.
أوبري دريك غراهام معروف باسم دريك(ولد أكتوبر 24، 1986)، دريك أصبح معروفا عن طريق لعبة دور جيمي بروكس في المسلسل الكندي Degrassi: The Next Generation.[6][7][8]
في حزيران 2009 وقع دريك عقدا مع شركتة يونغ ماني الذي يملكها ليل وين، وفي نوفمبر من نفس العام اعلن ليل وين بيان يعلن به ان تم الانتهاء من البوم دريك الاستوديوا الأول وكان عنوانه ‘ أشكرني لاحقا ” (بالإنجليزية: Thank Me Later )’و قد أصدر الالبوم في حزيران 15، 2010 إحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في ترتيب الألبومات الأمريكية بيلبورد200 وحاز علي جائزة البلاتنيوم من رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية[9]، وفي 15 نوفمبر من عام 2011 أصدر دريك البومه الاستوديو الثاني ب عنوان ‘ Take Care ‘و أيضا كان مقرر ان يصدر البوم دريك MIXTAPE R & B في المستقبل جانبا بجانب الالبوم بالتعاون مع ليل وين ولكن تم تاجيله لأسباب مختلفه.
و قد عمل دريك مع العديد من الفنانين في مجال الهيب هوب مثل: ليل وين، جيزي يونغ، كانييه ويست، إمينيم و مس رانا نانا، جي-زي وقد شارك أيضا مع فنانين آخرين في مجالات أخرى مثل : ريهانا، نيكي ميناج، أليشيا كيز. وقد تم ترشيح دريك لجوائز جرامي وحتى تم اختياره لأداء مراسم الجرامي 2010، وقد فازت شركة دريك للإنتاج بعديد من الجوائز ومن الجوائز كانت جائزتين من جونو ورد لأفضل مغني راب جديد في 2010.
ولد أوبري دريك غراهام في 24 اوكتوبر 1986 في تورونتو كندا، وهو ابن لاري غراهام هودجز الذي كان يعزف الدرامز الذين عملوا مع جيري لي لويس وساندي غراهام، ووالد دريك هو أمريكي أفريقي من ممفيس – تينيسي ووالدته هي الكندية البيضاء اليهودية. ووالديه مطلقين من هو كان في الخامسة من عمره وهو قد عاش مع والدته في تورنتو في حي هيل الغني بالغابات، وقد بداء في مهنة التمثيل عن طريق دراسته في معهد غابات الجماعي هيل ولكنه لم يدرس الدراسات العليا، وكان يمضي معظم الصيف مع والده في ممفيس. وقد ذكر دريك ان طلاق والديه قد اثر فيه كثيرا: كان علي ان اصير رجلا بسرعة جدا وان اكون العمود الفقري للمراه الذي احبها من كل قلبي والدتي.
في عام 2001 بدأ دريك حياته المهنية في التمثيل في دور جيمي بروكس في مسلسل ديقريس : الجيل التالي، وكان الدور يتحدث ان بروكس هو نجم كرة السلة الذي أصبح معوق جسديا بعد أن اطلق النار عليه من قبل زميلة، وقد انها شخصيته في المسلسل بعد 138 حلقه. وفي يونيو 2010 اعلن دريك ان سيكون له دور بارز في لعبة الفيديو التروس الحرب 3. وكان من المقرر ان يلعب جزءا من ستراتون جيس ولكن تضارب المواعيد يعني انه ذهب الي شخص آخر.و في اواخر يناير 2011 اعلن ان دريك كان في مفاوضات من اجل ان ينضم إلى ايفا غرين وسوزان ساراندون في الفيلم المترقب ‘ التحيكم ‘ ولكن في نيسان 2011 اعلن دريك ان الفيلم ليس في مخططته وهو يضع تركيزه الكامل ع البومه الجديد.
دریک
في شباط 2006 أصدر دريك أول MIXTAPE المحسنه وقد اتيحت عبر موقعه ع الإنترنت وصفحته في ماي سبيس الرسمية. وفي عام 2007 اطلق سراح MIXTAPE آخر وقدر اصر أيضا فيديو “Replacement Girl” مع المغني تري سونغز، وفي عام 2007 أصبح أول مغني راب كندي غير مركزه الفني بسبب شريط فيديو واحد قد تميز به كما ظهر في عدت اغاني ري ماكس مع ليل وين كما ظهر في ري ماكس ” Man of the Year ” وكان تم إصداره من قبل بريسكو ورضا فلو. وفي عام 2008اعطى ليل وين بعض من اغاني الراب ل دريك وبعدها دعاه معه إلى هيوستن في جوله معه، ومن ثما سجل دريك العديد من الاغاني مع ليل وين مثل “Ransom” والنسخة الاصلية من “I Want This Forever” وبعض من الريمكس مثل أغنية دريك “Brand New” .
و في فبراير 2009 أصدر دريك MIXTAPE الرسمي الثالث وقد كان تحميلة مجانا على مدونته يضم كل من ليل وين وبي بون وأوماريون ولويد وتري سونغز وقد تم تنزيله أكثر من 2000 مرة فقط في الساعات الأولى من صدوره وقد حقق نجاح كاسح وقد وجدت هذه الاغاني في النهاية طريقها الي الراديو نظرا لنجاح اثنين من البومات MIXTAPE و من انجح الاغاني في هذا الالبوم “Best I Ever Had” و”Successful”.
أوبري دريك غراهام معروف باسم دريك(ولد أكتوبر 24، 1986)، دريك أصبح معروفا عن طريق لعبة دور جيمي بروكس في المسلسل الكندي Degrassi: The Next Generation.[6][7][8]
في حزيران 2009 وقع دريك عقدا مع شركتة يونغ ماني الذي يملكها ليل وين، وفي نوفمبر من نفس العام اعلن ليل وين بيان يعلن به ان تم الانتهاء من البوم دريك الاستوديوا الأول وكان عنوانه ‘ أشكرني لاحقا ” (بالإنجليزية: Thank Me Later )’و قد أصدر الالبوم في حزيران 15، 2010 إحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في ترتيب الألبومات الأمريكية بيلبورد200 وحاز علي جائزة البلاتنيوم من رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية[9]، وفي 15 نوفمبر من عام 2011 أصدر دريك البومه الاستوديو الثاني ب عنوان ‘ Take Care ‘و أيضا كان مقرر ان يصدر البوم دريك MIXTAPE R & B في المستقبل جانبا بجانب الالبوم بالتعاون مع ليل وين ولكن تم تاجيله لأسباب مختلفه.
و قد عمل دريك مع العديد من الفنانين في مجال الهيب هوب مثل: ليل وين، جيزي يونغ، كانييه ويست، إمينيم و مس رانا نانا، جي-زي وقد شارك أيضا مع فنانين آخرين في مجالات أخرى مثل : ريهانا، نيكي ميناج، أليشيا كيز. وقد تم ترشيح دريك لجوائز جرامي وحتى تم اختياره لأداء مراسم الجرامي 2010، وقد فازت شركة دريك للإنتاج بعديد من الجوائز ومن الجوائز كانت جائزتين من جونو ورد لأفضل مغني راب جديد في 2010.
ولد أوبري دريك غراهام في 24 اوكتوبر 1986 في تورونتو كندا، وهو ابن لاري غراهام هودجز الذي كان يعزف الدرامز الذين عملوا مع جيري لي لويس وساندي غراهام، ووالد دريك هو أمريكي أفريقي من ممفيس – تينيسي ووالدته هي الكندية البيضاء اليهودية. ووالديه مطلقين من هو كان في الخامسة من عمره وهو قد عاش مع والدته في تورنتو في حي هيل الغني بالغابات، وقد بداء في مهنة التمثيل عن طريق دراسته في معهد غابات الجماعي هيل ولكنه لم يدرس الدراسات العليا، وكان يمضي معظم الصيف مع والده في ممفيس. وقد ذكر دريك ان طلاق والديه قد اثر فيه كثيرا: كان علي ان اصير رجلا بسرعة جدا وان اكون العمود الفقري للمراه الذي احبها من كل قلبي والدتي.
في عام 2001 بدأ دريك حياته المهنية في التمثيل في دور جيمي بروكس في مسلسل ديقريس : الجيل التالي، وكان الدور يتحدث ان بروكس هو نجم كرة السلة الذي أصبح معوق جسديا بعد أن اطلق النار عليه من قبل زميلة، وقد انها شخصيته في المسلسل بعد 138 حلقه. وفي يونيو 2010 اعلن دريك ان سيكون له دور بارز في لعبة الفيديو التروس الحرب 3. وكان من المقرر ان يلعب جزءا من ستراتون جيس ولكن تضارب المواعيد يعني انه ذهب الي شخص آخر.و في اواخر يناير 2011 اعلن ان دريك كان في مفاوضات من اجل ان ينضم إلى ايفا غرين وسوزان ساراندون في الفيلم المترقب ‘ التحيكم ‘ ولكن في نيسان 2011 اعلن دريك ان الفيلم ليس في مخططته وهو يضع تركيزه الكامل ع البومه الجديد.
دریک
في شباط 2006 أصدر دريك أول MIXTAPE المحسنه وقد اتيحت عبر موقعه ع الإنترنت وصفحته في ماي سبيس الرسمية. وفي عام 2007 اطلق سراح MIXTAPE آخر وقدر اصر أيضا فيديو “Replacement Girl” مع المغني تري سونغز، وفي عام 2007 أصبح أول مغني راب كندي غير مركزه الفني بسبب شريط فيديو واحد قد تميز به كما ظهر في عدت اغاني ري ماكس مع ليل وين كما ظهر في ري ماكس ” Man of the Year ” وكان تم إصداره من قبل بريسكو ورضا فلو. وفي عام 2008اعطى ليل وين بعض من اغاني الراب ل دريك وبعدها دعاه معه إلى هيوستن في جوله معه، ومن ثما سجل دريك العديد من الاغاني مع ليل وين مثل “Ransom” والنسخة الاصلية من “I Want This Forever” وبعض من الريمكس مثل أغنية دريك “Brand New” .
و في فبراير 2009 أصدر دريك MIXTAPE الرسمي الثالث وقد كان تحميلة مجانا على مدونته يضم كل من ليل وين وبي بون وأوماريون ولويد وتري سونغز وقد تم تنزيله أكثر من 2000 مرة فقط في الساعات الأولى من صدوره وقد حقق نجاح كاسح وقد وجدت هذه الاغاني في النهاية طريقها الي الراديو نظرا لنجاح اثنين من البومات MIXTAPE و من انجح الاغاني في هذا الالبوم “Best I Ever Had” و”Successful”.
أوبري دريك غراهام معروف باسم دريك(ولد أكتوبر 24، 1986)، دريك أصبح معروفا عن طريق لعبة دور جيمي بروكس في المسلسل الكندي Degrassi: The Next Generation.[6][7][8]
في حزيران 2009 وقع دريك عقدا مع شركتة يونغ ماني الذي يملكها ليل وين، وفي نوفمبر من نفس العام اعلن ليل وين بيان يعلن به ان تم الانتهاء من البوم دريك الاستوديوا الأول وكان عنوانه ‘ أشكرني لاحقا ” (بالإنجليزية: Thank Me Later )’و قد أصدر الالبوم في حزيران 15، 2010 إحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في ترتيب الألبومات الأمريكية بيلبورد200 وحاز علي جائزة البلاتنيوم من رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية[9]، وفي 15 نوفمبر من عام 2011 أصدر دريك البومه الاستوديو الثاني ب عنوان ‘ Take Care ‘و أيضا كان مقرر ان يصدر البوم دريك MIXTAPE R & B في المستقبل جانبا بجانب الالبوم بالتعاون مع ليل وين ولكن تم تاجيله لأسباب مختلفه.
و قد عمل دريك مع العديد من الفنانين في مجال الهيب هوب مثل: ليل وين، جيزي يونغ، كانييه ويست، إمينيم و مس رانا نانا، جي-زي وقد شارك أيضا مع فنانين آخرين في مجالات أخرى مثل : ريهانا، نيكي ميناج، أليشيا كيز. وقد تم ترشيح دريك لجوائز جرامي وحتى تم اختياره لأداء مراسم الجرامي 2010، وقد فازت شركة دريك للإنتاج بعديد من الجوائز ومن الجوائز كانت جائزتين من جونو ورد لأفضل مغني راب جديد في 2010.
ولد أوبري دريك غراهام في 24 اوكتوبر 1986 في تورونتو كندا، وهو ابن لاري غراهام هودجز الذي كان يعزف الدرامز الذين عملوا مع جيري لي لويس وساندي غراهام، ووالد دريك هو أمريكي أفريقي من ممفيس – تينيسي ووالدته هي الكندية البيضاء اليهودية. ووالديه مطلقين من هو كان في الخامسة من عمره وهو قد عاش مع والدته في تورنتو في حي هيل الغني بالغابات، وقد بداء في مهنة التمثيل عن طريق دراسته في معهد غابات الجماعي هيل ولكنه لم يدرس الدراسات العليا، وكان يمضي معظم الصيف مع والده في ممفيس. وقد ذكر دريك ان طلاق والديه قد اثر فيه كثيرا: كان علي ان اصير رجلا بسرعة جدا وان اكون العمود الفقري للمراه الذي احبها من كل قلبي والدتي.
في عام 2001 بدأ دريك حياته المهنية في التمثيل في دور جيمي بروكس في مسلسل ديقريس : الجيل التالي، وكان الدور يتحدث ان بروكس هو نجم كرة السلة الذي أصبح معوق جسديا بعد أن اطلق النار عليه من قبل زميلة، وقد انها شخصيته في المسلسل بعد 138 حلقه. وفي يونيو 2010 اعلن دريك ان سيكون له دور بارز في لعبة الفيديو التروس الحرب 3. وكان من المقرر ان يلعب جزءا من ستراتون جيس ولكن تضارب المواعيد يعني انه ذهب الي شخص آخر.و في اواخر يناير 2011 اعلن ان دريك كان في مفاوضات من اجل ان ينضم إلى ايفا غرين وسوزان ساراندون في الفيلم المترقب ‘ التحيكم ‘ ولكن في نيسان 2011 اعلن دريك ان الفيلم ليس في مخططته وهو يضع تركيزه الكامل ع البومه الجديد.
دریک
في شباط 2006 أصدر دريك أول MIXTAPE المحسنه وقد اتيحت عبر موقعه ع الإنترنت وصفحته في ماي سبيس الرسمية. وفي عام 2007 اطلق سراح MIXTAPE آخر وقدر اصر أيضا فيديو “Replacement Girl” مع المغني تري سونغز، وفي عام 2007 أصبح أول مغني راب كندي غير مركزه الفني بسبب شريط فيديو واحد قد تميز به كما ظهر في عدت اغاني ري ماكس مع ليل وين كما ظهر في ري ماكس ” Man of the Year ” وكان تم إصداره من قبل بريسكو ورضا فلو. وفي عام 2008اعطى ليل وين بعض من اغاني الراب ل دريك وبعدها دعاه معه إلى هيوستن في جوله معه، ومن ثما سجل دريك العديد من الاغاني مع ليل وين مثل “Ransom” والنسخة الاصلية من “I Want This Forever” وبعض من الريمكس مثل أغنية دريك “Brand New” .
و في فبراير 2009 أصدر دريك MIXTAPE الرسمي الثالث وقد كان تحميلة مجانا على مدونته يضم كل من ليل وين وبي بون وأوماريون ولويد وتري سونغز وقد تم تنزيله أكثر من 2000 مرة فقط في الساعات الأولى من صدوره وقد حقق نجاح كاسح وقد وجدت هذه الاغاني في النهاية طريقها الي الراديو نظرا لنجاح اثنين من البومات MIXTAPE و من انجح الاغاني في هذا الالبوم “Best I Ever Had” و”Successful”.
أوبري دريك غراهام معروف باسم دريك(ولد أكتوبر 24، 1986)، دريك أصبح معروفا عن طريق لعبة دور جيمي بروكس في المسلسل الكندي Degrassi: The Next Generation.[6][7][8]
في حزيران 2009 وقع دريك عقدا مع شركتة يونغ ماني الذي يملكها ليل وين، وفي نوفمبر من نفس العام اعلن ليل وين بيان يعلن به ان تم الانتهاء من البوم دريك الاستوديوا الأول وكان عنوانه ‘ أشكرني لاحقا ” (بالإنجليزية: Thank Me Later )’و قد أصدر الالبوم في حزيران 15، 2010 إحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في ترتيب الألبومات الأمريكية بيلبورد200 وحاز علي جائزة البلاتنيوم من رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية[9]، وفي 15 نوفمبر من عام 2011 أصدر دريك البومه الاستوديو الثاني ب عنوان ‘ Take Care ‘و أيضا كان مقرر ان يصدر البوم دريك MIXTAPE R & B في المستقبل جانبا بجانب الالبوم بالتعاون مع ليل وين ولكن تم تاجيله لأسباب مختلفه.
و قد عمل دريك مع العديد من الفنانين في مجال الهيب هوب مثل: ليل وين، جيزي يونغ، كانييه ويست، إمينيم و مس رانا نانا، جي-زي وقد شارك أيضا مع فنانين آخرين في مجالات أخرى مثل : ريهانا، نيكي ميناج، أليشيا كيز. وقد تم ترشيح دريك لجوائز جرامي وحتى تم اختياره لأداء مراسم الجرامي 2010، وقد فازت شركة دريك للإنتاج بعديد من الجوائز ومن الجوائز كانت جائزتين من جونو ورد لأفضل مغني راب جديد في 2010.
ولد أوبري دريك غراهام في 24 اوكتوبر 1986 في تورونتو كندا، وهو ابن لاري غراهام هودجز الذي كان يعزف الدرامز الذين عملوا مع جيري لي لويس وساندي غراهام، ووالد دريك هو أمريكي أفريقي من ممفيس – تينيسي ووالدته هي الكندية البيضاء اليهودية. ووالديه مطلقين من هو كان في الخامسة من عمره وهو قد عاش مع والدته في تورنتو في حي هيل الغني بالغابات، وقد بداء في مهنة التمثيل عن طريق دراسته في معهد غابات الجماعي هيل ولكنه لم يدرس الدراسات العليا، وكان يمضي معظم الصيف مع والده في ممفيس. وقد ذكر دريك ان طلاق والديه قد اثر فيه كثيرا: كان علي ان اصير رجلا بسرعة جدا وان اكون العمود الفقري للمراه الذي احبها من كل قلبي والدتي.
في عام 2001 بدأ دريك حياته المهنية في التمثيل في دور جيمي بروكس في مسلسل ديقريس : الجيل التالي، وكان الدور يتحدث ان بروكس هو نجم كرة السلة الذي أصبح معوق جسديا بعد أن اطلق النار عليه من قبل زميلة، وقد انها شخصيته في المسلسل بعد 138 حلقه. وفي يونيو 2010 اعلن دريك ان سيكون له دور بارز في لعبة الفيديو التروس الحرب 3. وكان من المقرر ان يلعب جزءا من ستراتون جيس ولكن تضارب المواعيد يعني انه ذهب الي شخص آخر.و في اواخر يناير 2011 اعلن ان دريك كان في مفاوضات من اجل ان ينضم إلى ايفا غرين وسوزان ساراندون في الفيلم المترقب ‘ التحيكم ‘ ولكن في نيسان 2011 اعلن دريك ان الفيلم ليس في مخططته وهو يضع تركيزه الكامل ع البومه الجديد.
دریک
في شباط 2006 أصدر دريك أول MIXTAPE المحسنه وقد اتيحت عبر موقعه ع الإنترنت وصفحته في ماي سبيس الرسمية. وفي عام 2007 اطلق سراح MIXTAPE آخر وقدر اصر أيضا فيديو “Replacement Girl” مع المغني تري سونغز، وفي عام 2007 أصبح أول مغني راب كندي غير مركزه الفني بسبب شريط فيديو واحد قد تميز به كما ظهر في عدت اغاني ري ماكس مع ليل وين كما ظهر في ري ماكس ” Man of the Year ” وكان تم إصداره من قبل بريسكو ورضا فلو. وفي عام 2008اعطى ليل وين بعض من اغاني الراب ل دريك وبعدها دعاه معه إلى هيوستن في جوله معه، ومن ثما سجل دريك العديد من الاغاني مع ليل وين مثل “Ransom” والنسخة الاصلية من “I Want This Forever” وبعض من الريمكس مثل أغنية دريك “Brand New” .
و في فبراير 2009 أصدر دريك MIXTAPE الرسمي الثالث وقد كان تحميلة مجانا على مدونته يضم كل من ليل وين وبي بون وأوماريون ولويد وتري سونغز وقد تم تنزيله أكثر من 2000 مرة فقط في الساعات الأولى من صدوره وقد حقق نجاح كاسح وقد وجدت هذه الاغاني في النهاية طريقها الي الراديو نظرا لنجاح اثنين من البومات MIXTAPE و من انجح الاغاني في هذا الالبوم “Best I Ever Had” و”Successful”.
اليهودية هي ديانة الشعب اليهودي، وهي ديانة توحيدية قديمة، وأقدم الديانات الإبراهيمية، وتستند في تعاليمها على التوراة كنصها التأسيسي والتي أنزلت على موسى بحسب المعتقدات اليهودية.[9] ويشمل الدين والفلسفة والثقافة للشعب اليهودي.[10] وتعدّ اليهودية من قبل اليهود المتدينين تعبيرًا عن العهد الذي أقامه الله مع بني إسرائيل.[11] وتضم اليهودية على مجموعة واسعة من النصوص والممارسات والمواقف اللاهوتية وأشكال التنظيم. التوراة هي جزء من النص الأكبر المعروف بإسم التناخ أو الكتاب المقدس العبري، وأحكام وشرائع التوراة التي تشرحها الشريعة الشفوية والتي تمثلها النصوص اللاحقة مثل المدراش والتلمود. وتتراوح أعداد أتباع الديانة اليهودية بين 14.5 مليون إلى 17.4 مليون معتنق في جميع أنحاء العالم،[12][13][14] حيث أن تعداد اليهود في حد ذاته يعدّ قضية خلافية حول قضية “من هو اليهودي؟”. واليهودية هي عاشر أكبر دين في العالم.
توجد في اليهودية مجموعة متنوعة من الحركات الدينية، والتي ظهرت معظمها من اليهودية الربانية، والتي تنص على أن الله كشف قوانينه ووصاياه لموسى على جبل سيناء في شكل التوراة المكتوبة والشفهية.[15] تاريخياً، تم تحدي هذا التأكيد من قبل مجموعات مختلفة مثل الصدوقيين واليهودية الهلنستية خلال فترة الهيكل الثاني. والقرائيين والسبتانيين خلال الفترة المبكرة واللاحقة من العصور الوسطى؛[16] وبين شرائح الطوائف غير الأرثوذكسية الحديثة. الفروع الحديثة لليهودية مثل اليهودية الإنسانية قد تكون لاألوهية.[17] اليوم، أكبر الحركات الدينية اليهودية هي اليهودية الأرثوذكسية (والتي تضم اليهودية الحريدية واليهودية الأرثوذكسية الحديثة) واليهودية المحافظة واليهودية الإصلاحية. المصادر الرئيسية للاختلاف بين هذه المجموعات هي مقاربتهم للقانون اليهودي، وسلطة التقليد الرباني، وأهمية دولة إسرائيل.[18] وتؤكد اليهودية الأرثوذكسية أن التوراة والشريعة اليهودية إلهية في الأصل، وأبدية وغير قابلة للتغيير، وأنه ينبغي إتباعها بصرامة. بينما تُعتبر اليهودية المحافظة والإصلاحية أكثر ليبرالية، حيث تعزز اليهودية المحافظة بشكل عام التفسير الأكثر تقليدية لمتطلبات اليهودية بالمقارنة مع اليهودية الإصلاحية. وموقف الإصلاح المعتاد هو أنه يجب النظر إلى القانون اليهودي على أنه مجموعة من المبادئ التوجيهية العامة وليس كمجموعة من القيود والواجبات التي يتطلب احترامها من جميع اليهود.[19][20] تاريخياً، فرضت المحاكم الخاصة القانون اليهودي. اليوم هذه المحاكم لا تزال موجودة ولكن ممارسة اليهودية في معظمها طوعية.[21] والسلطة في المسائل اللاهوتية والقانونية غير مخولة لأي شخص أو لأي منظمة، ولكن في النصوص المقدسة يقوم الحاخامات والدارسين في تفسيرها.[22]
يمتد تاريخ اليهودية لأكثر من 3000 سنة.[23] وللديانة اليهودية جذور كدين منظم في الشرق الأوسط خلال العصر البرونزي.[24] وتعدّ اليهودية واحدة من أقدم الديانات التوحيدية.[25][26] وكان يُشار إلى العبرانيين وبنو إسرائيل بإسم “يهود” وفي كتب لاحقة في التناخ مثل سفر أستير، استبدل مصطلح اليهود بمصطلح “أبناء إسرائيل”.[27] أثرت النصوص والتقاليد والقيم اليهودية بشكل كبير على الديانات الإبراهيمية فيما بعد، بما في ذلك المسيحية والإسلام والبهائية.[28][29] وقد أثرت العديد من جوانب اليهودية بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر على الأخلاق العلمانية الغربية والقانون المدني. وكانت العقيدة الدينية عاملاً مهمًا في تطور الحضارة الغربية القديمة مثل الهلنسية واليهودية كخلفية للمسيحية، وشكلت إلى حد كبير المثل والأخلاق الغربية منذ المسيحية المبكرة.[30]
اليهود هم أبناء مجموعة إثنية دينية،[31] بما في ذلك أولئك الذين ولدوا يهودًا، بالإضافة إلى المتحولين إلى اليهودية. في عام 2015، قدر عدد السكان اليهود في العالم بحوالي 14.3 مليون، أو ما يقرب من 0.2% من مجموع سكان العالم.[32]وإسرائيل هي موطن لحوالي 43% من جميع اليهود في العالم، ويقيم حوالي 43% من يهود العالم في الولايات المتحدة وكندا، ويعيش معظم النسبة المتبقية في أوروبا، إلى من مجموعات الأقليات المنتشرة في جميع أنحاء أمريكا اللاتينية وآسيا وأفريقيا وأستراليا.[32]
اليهودية من المصطلحات التي تسبب اختلافا في دلالتها. يشير اليهود إلى عقيدتهم باسم التوراة (أي القانون، أو الشريعة). ظهر المصطلح للمرة الأولى في العصر الهيليني تمييزا بين عقائد وممارسات اليهود، والعبادات الموجودة في الشرق الأدنى.
دریک
وأول من أشار إلى عقيدة اليهود باليهودية هو المؤرخ اليهودي المتأغرق يوسيفوس فلافيوس، وذلك بالمقارنة مع “الهيلينية”: عقيدة أهل مقاطعة يهودا مقابل عقيدة سكان مقاطعة هيلاس. فالمصطلحان بدءا اسمين جغرافيين قبل أن يشيرا إلى النسقين العقائديين.
وقيل التهود في اللغة التي كان يتحدثها موسي بمعنى العودة أو التوبة كما جاء في القران (إِنَّا هُدْنَا إِلَيْكَ)[سورة الأعراف:156] أي تبنا إليك وعدنا.
يرى الدارسون أن “اليهودية” كمصطلح لا يشير إلى النسق الديني للعبرانيين قبل تدوين العهد القديم أثناء الهجرة الأولى إلى بابل 578 ق.م.، أي بعد موسى بمئات السنين، واستمر التدوين حتى القرن الثاني قبل الميلاد، في وقت أصبحت فيه العبرية لغة ميتة لا تستخدم إلا في الطقوس الدينية، بينما أصبحت الآرامية لغة اليهود. لذا، قد يكون من الأفضل الحديث عن “عبادة يسرائيل” في المرحلة السديمية التي تسبق بناء الهيكل وتأسيس المملكة العبرانية المتحدة عام 1020 ق.م.، وعن “العبادة القربانية المركزية” بعد تأسيس الهيكل وحتى هدمه عام 70 ميلادية، واليهودية بشكل عام لما بعد ذلك.
اليهودية هي ثاني أقدم ديانة توحيدية بعد المندائية والأولى بين الديانات الإبراهيمية الثلاث الكبرى (اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام). والله في اليهودية واحد أحد، ومفهوم الإله في اليهودية هو ذلك المستمد من الأسفار الأولى في التوراة، فالله هو فرد صمد قادر رحيم عادل خلق الناس لتعدل وترحم بعضها بعضا، وجميع الناس تستحق أن تعامل باحترام وكرامة.
الديانة اليهودية هي ديانة غير تبشيرية، اي ان تعاليم اليهود اليوم لا تسمح للآخرين بالانتماء إليها، يعتقد الشعب اليهودي أنه يخدم ربه بالصلاة ومراعاة الوصايا التوراتية كما يعتقد أنه هو الشعب الحامل للرسالة، وليس لغيرهم الحق في ذلك.
تؤمن اليهودية بالافتداء والخلاص والنجاة لكنها تختلف عن العديد من الديانات الأخرى في أن السبيل إلى الخلاص والنجاة في الحياة الأخرى لا يكون بالعقيدة وإنما بالأفعال، أي أن الأفعال الصالحة هي التي تمكن البشر من النجاة وليس العقيدة التي يتبعونها ويدخل في موضوع شعب الرسالة أو الشعب المختار بعض الاعتقادات الحلولية.
تتعادل في اليهودية أهمية الشريعة المكتوبة (التوراة والأنبياء والكتب) مع أهمية الشريعة الشفوية (شروحات الحاخامات المجموعة في التلمود). كما ظهرت لاحقا كتابات القبالاه
التلمود كلمة عبرية وتعني الدراسة في اللغة العبرية ويحوي التلمود الشريعة الشفوية، وهو سجل للمناقشات التي دارت بين الحاخامات في الحلقات التلمودية عن القضايا الفقهية (هالاخاه)، والوعظية (آجاداه). وباعتباره سجلا للمناقشات كتب على مدى قرون، يحوي التلمود موضوعات تاريخية، وتشريعية، وزراعية، وأدبية، وعلمية…
يختلف تلمود أورشليم عن التلمود البابلي في أن التفاسير (الجماره) في الأخير أكثر شمولا، بينما يتطابق نص التوراتي في الاثنين وهناك بعض الاراء التي تقول ان التلمود مصنوع من البشر
يؤمن اليهود بأن الله سيرسل شخصا لنصرة اليهود وقيادتهم إلى النصر على أعدائهم يدعى المسياح (المسيح) اي المخلص .
جرت عادة الشعب اليهودي أن يعيش على توقع مجيء عصر المخلص الذي يسود فيه السلام العالمي على الأرض وفقا لرؤيا أنبياء إسرائيل.
أرض إسرائيل “إرتس يسرائيل”، هي الطرف الثالث في الطبقة الحلولية اليهودية. فهي “أرض الرب”، التي تفوق في قدسيتها أي أرض أخرى. وهي الأرض الموعودة لليهود في التوراة والتي يجد فيها اليهود هويتهم.
و أرض إسرائيل مركزية بالنسبة لتاريخ وحياة وآمال وأماني الشعب اليهودي. ويتوجه اليهود المتدينون في صلواتهم نحو أورشليم القدس. وفي أرض إسرائيل وهي الأرض التي وعدتها التوراة يمكن للعادات والتقاليد وكذلك لهوية الشعب اليهودي أن تتحقق بالكامل.
يشير اليهود إلى الشريعة اليهودية بكلمة “التوراة”، بينما تعني “الهالاخاه” القوانين أو التشريعات الخارجية تحديدا، وإن كانت دلالتها تمتد أحيانا لتشمل الشريعة ككل. ويفرق اليهود بين “الشريعة المكتوبة”، وهي الواردة في أسفار موسى الخمسة وباقي العهد القديم، والشريعة الشفوية، أي شروح الحاخامات التي سجلت في التلمود وغيره من الكتب، مثل كتب الكابالا.
في اليهودية تتلى الصلاة في المنزل ثلاث مرات يوميا صباحا وبعد الظهر وبعد غروب الشمس
وتقام صلاة الجماعة في الكنيس أيام السبت والإثنين والخميس وأيام الأعياد اليهودية، يمكن للفرد اليهودي أن يؤدي الصلاة مفردا أو مع الجماعة مع تفضيل صلاة الجماعة، وتختلف الطوائف اليهودية فيما بينها بخصوص عدد الصلوات يوميا واستخدام الألحان في الصلاة وكذلك استخدام اللغة الدينية أو العامة أثناء تأدية الصلاة. ويسمى المعبد الذي تؤدى فيه الصلاة بالكنيس وجمعه كنس وتمنع اليهودية استخدام الصور والتماثيل في التزيين وهو الأمر المطبق في جميع الكنس اليهودية. كما يمتاز يوم السبت بقدسية خاصة حيث طلة خلاله ترانيم الزميروت.
إذا كانت صحة الولد اليهودي تسمح بذلك، يتم ختانه في اليوم الثامن من ولادته، والختان سنة شائعة منذ أيام إبراهيم، والختان هو علامة العهد العضوية.
هو التقويم الذي يستخدمه اليهود لتحديد مواعيد ذات أهمية دينية مثل الأعياد اليهودية، موعد الاحتفال ببار متسفا، الموعد السنوي لإحياء ذكر الرحيلين اليهود إلخ. كذلك يـُستخدم التقويم اليهودي في إسرائيل لتحديد الاحتفالات الرسمية مثل عيد الاستقلال أو أيام الحداد المتكررة سنويا. في إسرائيل يـُعتبر التقويم اليهودي رسميا إلى جانب التقويم الميلادي، حيث يسمح القانون استخدامه لأية غاية، ولكن بالفعل يفضل المواطنون ومؤسسات الدولة استخدام التقويم الميلادي لتحديد المواعيد العادية غير الاحتفالية.بميينيي
في الديانة اليهودية العديد من الأعياد الدينية فيما يعرف بيوم طوب (יום טוב) أي اليوم الجيد أو الصالح، أو تاعنيت (תענית) أي الاحتفال.
الأعياد الرئيسية الثلاث وفق التقويم اليهودي ووفق التوراة هي:
تعدّ هذه الأعياد الثلاثة مناسبات للحج إلى اورشليم القدس مع الصلاة عند حائط المبكى، وهو بقايا الجدار الاستنادي الخارجي لجبل الهيكل. ويعلن الحداد على خراب الهيكلين المقدسين يوم التاسع من آب (حسب التقويم العبري).
إضافة إلى أعياد ومناسبات أخرى منها عيد رأس السنة اليهودية ويوم الغفران.وتضم الأعياد اليهودية الأخرى عيد الانوار (حانوكاه)، إحياء لذكرى انتصار المكابيين واعادة تكريس الهيكل في أورشليم القدس؛ وعيد المساخر (بوريم)، إحياء لذكرى إنقاذ الشعب اليهودي في أيام الملكة إستر؛ ويوم ذكرى ضحايا وأبطال الهلوكوست (الكارثة) إحياءً لذكرى 6 ملايين يهودي قتلهم النازيون؛ ويوم بدء الاحتلال الصهيوني.
تقسم الأطعمة وفق الشريعة اليهودية إلى قسمين أطعمة حلال وأخرى حرام، الحلال منها يعرف باسم (كشروت أو كوشير) والحرام باسم (طريفه)، في الذبائح يجب أن يكون الحيوان من الحيوانات التي تمضغ الطعام وتجتره حتى يصبح أكله حلالا، وعند ذبح الثدييات والطيور فإنه يجب أن تكون هذه الحيوانات سليمة صحياً وأن تكون عملية الذبح سريعة وغير مؤلمة قدر الإمكان لهذا الحيوان. ووفق الديانة اليهودية يحرم أكل الدم ولحم الخنزير والسمك اللاحرشفي. فيما يخص الكائنات البحرية فإن الأسماك ذات الزعانف والذيول هي التي يصح أكلها باعتبارها حلالاً، فالمحار مثلا يعد محرما، أما للطيور فهناك قائمه بالطيور المحرم تناولها، كذلك يحرم تناول الحشرات والبرمائيات. وتحرم اليهودية أيضا تناول أي وجبة تحتوي على لحوم وألبان معا.
اليوم السابع من الأسبوع هو يوم السبت وهو يوم راحة توراتي مقدس، ولا يُسمح القيام بأي عمل يوم السبت باستثناء العبادة أو الحفاظ على الحياة والصحة. ومن الطقوس المركزية في مراعاة السبت القراءة الصباحية في الكنيس للفصل الأسبوعي من التوراة، الأيام المقدسة العالية (تراعى في أيلول / سبتمبر – أكتوبر / تشرين الأول) وهي وقت للصلاة والاستبطان. ويسجل يوم رأس السنة (“روش هشناه”) اليهودية الجديدة، أول الأيام العشرة المكرسة لمحاسبة النفس والمنتهية بصوم يوم الغفران (“يوم كيبور”).
بوابة اليهودية
في الديانة اليهودية العديد من الشرائع التي تنظم حياة البشر فمنها ما يحدد أساسيات الملبس الذي يجب فيه الاحتشام ومنها ما ينظم حياة الأسرة فاليهودية تشجع بشدة على الزواج حتى ان التلمود يصف الرجل الغير متزوج بانه ليس بالرجل الحقيقي والديانة اليهودية تسمح بتعدد الزوجات وتوكل اليهودية على الزوج مسؤولية تلبية الحاجات الأساسية والضرورية لزوجته وأبنائه وأن يحرم نفسه ان تطلب الأمر في سبيل عائلته والطلاق في اليهودية مباح ويكون بيد الرجل ويمكن للمرأة طلب الطلاق من زوجها أو عن طريق المحاكم الشرعية.
عمر التكليف الديني للأبناء يكون 13 عاما للصبيان و12 عاما للفتيات وبمجرد بلوغ الأبناء هذا العمر يصبحون مكلفين دينيا بالأعمال والعبادات، كذلك تحبذ اليهودية ختان الذكور من المواليد عند بلوغهم اليوم الثامن من العمر طالما كانت صحة المولود تسمح بذلك ويكون ختان الذكور علامة العهد الرباني.
مصطلح ديني يهودي يطلقه اليهود على غير اليهود.[33]
لا تختلف اليهودية عن المسيحية والإسلام من ناحية الاعتقاد بوجود واستمرار حياة أخرى بعد الممات وكذلك البعث ويوم الحساب إلا ان اليهودية لم تركز كثيرا في تفصيل هذا الأمر ورغم ذلك توجد العديد من الدراسات المختصة سواء المختصة بما بعد والموت أو المختصة بالبعث والحساب.
اليهودية الأرثوذكسية. تعترف بكل التوراة والتلمود، وتقبل كل النواميس، وتعتقد أن الله أوحى بذلك كله إلى موسى مباشرة في جبل سيناء.
اليهودية الإصلاحية. بدأت مــع بدايات القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، إذ شكك بعض اليهود في كيفية ظهور الكتب المقدسة، وانتهوا إلى أن التلمود عمل بشري غير موحى به، ومن ثم ضعفت مصداقيته لديهم. ولا يؤمن هؤلاء إلا بالتوراة. ويعتقد الإصلاحيون أن التعــاليم الأخلاقية والسلوكية أهم أجزاء اليهودية، ولا يولون أهمية للطقوس بل إنهم نبذوا كثيرًا من التقاليد.
اليهودية المحافظة (التراثية). نشأت في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. ورغم إيمانهم بالتوراة والتلمود، إلا أنهم ذهبوا إلى وجوب تفسير النصوص المقدسة في ضوء المعارف العلمية الحديثة والثقافة المعاصرة. وهم كاليهود الإصلاحيين لم يهتموا كثيرًا بالطقوس، ولكنهم يمارسون العادات.
الصهيونية هي حركة سياسية يهودية، ظهرت في وسط وشرق أوروبا في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر ودعت اليهود للهجرة إلى أرض فلسطين بدعوى أنها أرض الآباء والأجداد (إيريتس يسرائيل) ورفض اندماج اليهود في المجتمعات الأخرى للتحرر من معاداة السامية والاضطهاد الذي وقع عليهم في الشتات، وبعد فترة طالب قادة الحركة بإنشاء دولة منشودة في فلسطين والتي كانت ضمن أراضي الدولة العثمانية.[34] وقد ارتبطت الحركة الصهيونية الحديثة بشخصية اليهودي النمساوي هرتزل الذي يعد الداعية الأول للفكر الصهيوني الحديث والذي تقوم على آرائه الحركة الصهيونية في العالم،[35] وبعد تأسيس دولة إسرائيل أخذت الصهيونية على عاتقها توفير الدعم المالي والمعنوي لإسرائيل.[36][37][38][39][40] وقد عقد أول مؤتمر صهيوني في بازل بسويسرا ليتم تطبيق الصهيونية بشكل عملي على فلسطين فعملت على تسهيل الهجرة اليهودية ودعم المشاريع الاقتصادية اليهودية.[41][42]
الكبالا هي (بالعبرية: קַבָּלָה) مجموعة من المعتقدات التراثية اليهودية المعقدة التي كانت تقتصر دراستها على دارسي التلمود من المتزوجين وهي معتقدات وشروحات روحانية فلسفية تفسر الحياة والكون والربانيات. بدأت عند اليهود وبقيت حكرا عليهم لقرون طويلة حتى اتى فلاسفة غربيون وطبقوا مبادئها على الثقافة الغربية في ما يسمى “العصر الجديد”. بشكل عام، هي فلسفة تفسر العلاقة بين الله اللامتغير والابدي والسرمدي، ويرمز له بـ”عين سوف” (بالعبريَة: אין סוף)، وبين الكون المتهالك والمحدود، اي مخلوقات الله. لا تعدّ القبالة كدين اذ انها فلسفة تفسر الباطنية في الدين كما ان طقوسها لا تنفي القيام بالطقوس الدينية لكن معتنقيها يعتقدون ان الارشادات والطقوس الواردة في القبالة تساعد الشخص على تطوير نفسه ليفهم بواطن الدين، وبخاصة بواطن التوراة والتقاليد اليهودية.[43]
يعتقد اتباعها ان تعاليم القبالية اقدم من التاريخ الذي نعلمه وهي سابقة لكل الاديان والطرق الروحية التي نعرفها وهي تشكل المخطط الاساسي لكل الابداعات الإنسانية من الفلسفة والدين والعلوم والفنون والانظمة السياسية.[44] انبثقت القبالة كشكل بدائي للباطنية اليهودية في القرن الثاني عشر في اسبانيا وجنوب فرنسا ثم اعيد تشكيلها بعهد النهضة اليهودية في القرن السادس عشر في فلسطين العثمانية. ثم تطورت في القرن العشرين فيما يسمى بالتجديد اليهودي ووانتشرت في اوساط روحانية غير يهودية كما تلقت الاهتمام من الدوائر الاكاديمية.
أثناء فترة الحكم الفارسي والروماني والتي رافقها ظهور العديد من الأديان والاعتقادات تأثر بعض اليهود ببعض الأساطير منها أسطورة وجود إلهين فيما يعرف بالغنوصية والتي تقول بوجود إلهين، إله النور والخير من جهة وإله الظلام والشر من جهة أخرى.
العلاقة بين اليهودية والمسيحية معقدة ومتشعبة، فالمسيحية نشأت وأخذت مفاهيمها الأولية من بيئة يهودية صرفة؛[45] ولاتزال آثار هذه الأصول المشتركة بادية إلى اليوم من خلال تقديس المسيحيين للتوارة والتناخ والتي يطلقون عليها إلى جانب عدد من الأسفار الأخرى اسم العهد القديم الذي يشكل القسم الأول من الكتاب المقدس لدى المسيحيين في حين يعدّ العهد الجديد القسم الثاني منه؛ يعتقد المسيحيون أن النبؤات التي دونها أنبياء العهد القديم قد تحققت في شخص المسيح، وهذا السبب الرئيس لتبجيل التوراة. وجذور المسيحية تأتي من اليهودية، التي تتشارك معها في الإيمان بكتاب اليهودية المقدس “التوراة”، وقد أخذت الديانة المسيحية الكثير من المعالم اليهودية كوجود إله خالق واحد، والإيمان بالمسيح ابن الله الحي (كلمة الله)، والصلاة، والقراءة من كتاب مقدّس. ولعل محور العقيدة المسيحية، كما يعتقد المسيحيون، يتمثل بالمسيح وعمله الكامل على الصليب لفداء المؤمنين.
يحوي العهد الجديد مقاطع مادحة لليهود أبرزها: “قد منحوا التبني، والمجد، والعهود، والتشريع، والعبادة، والمواعيد، ومنهم كان الآباء، ومنهم جاء المسيح حسب الجسد”؛[رو 9:5] وكذلك فإن المسيحية في القرن الأول وبدايات القرن الثاني كانت تعدّ “طائفة يهودية”؛[46] ورغم ذلك فإنه منذ أيام المسيح، وحتى عهود قريبة، كانت العلاقة بين المسيحيين واليهود متوترة، وقد اضطهد اليهود المسيحيون في غير مكان؛[أعمال 1:8-3][47][48] وبدءًا من القرون الوسطى المبكرة، اضطهد المسيحيون اليهود، فطردوا من خارج المدن،[49] وفرضت عليهم مناطق سكن معينة، ومنعوا من ممارسة بعض المهن،[49] وارتكبت مذابح في غير موضع بحقهم.[50] في القرن العشرين، وجهت الكنيسة اعتذارًا عن مآسي اليهود التي حصلت بسببها أو “بسبب تقصيرها في حمايتهم”، ثم تكاثرت التصريحات، على سبيل المثال تصريح يوحنا بولس الثاني عام 1986، الذي يعدّ جزءًا من التعليم المسيحي للكنيسة الكاثوليكية: “بالنسبة إلينا، ليست الديانة اليهودية ديانة خارجية، بل إنها تنتمي إلى قلب ديانتنا، وعلاقتنا بالديانة اليهودية مختلفة عن علاقتنا بأي دين آخر. أنتم إخوتنا الأحباء ونستطيع القول ما معناه، أنتم إخوتنا الكبار”.[51]
معظم المسيحيين، يرفضون تحميل اليهود مسؤولية دم المسيح؛[52][53] وقد وجدت جماعات عبر التاريخ يدعى أتباعها “المسيحيون اليهود”، يقرأون الكتاب بالحرف بالعبري، ويحفظون شرائع موسى المنسوخة في العهد الجديد كحفظ السبت، والختان، وتعدد الزوجات؛ وأيضًا ففي الأيام الراهنة فإن مجموعة من المسيحيين يعرّفون أنفسهم بوصفهم “مسيحيين صهاينة”.[54][55]دریک
يرى الإسلام الديانة اليهودية بأنها ديانة سماوية ويؤمن المسلم بأصلها وبأنبيائها ويتفق مع الكثير من معتقداتها مثل تحريم الدم ولحم الخنزير، وإباحة الختان للذكور وتعدد الزوجات وتوكيل الزوج مسؤولية تلبية الحاجات الأساسية والضرورية للزوجه والأبناء، ويشير النص القرآني لليهود في عدة مواضع، وفي سياقات متنوعة، تتراوح بين رواية قصص بني إسرائيل وبين الحديث عن اليهود، وبين مدحه لهم ولأهل الكتاب وبين ذمّه لهم ووصفهم بالمفسدين ويأتي هذا الوصف من منطلق أن الإسلام يعدّ اليهودية دينا محرفا ﴿لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَأوَةً لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الْيَهُودَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا ۖ وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَبَهُمْ مَوَدَّةً لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّا نَصَارَىٰ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَانًا وَأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ﴾[56] وفي مواضع أخرى يصفهم بأنهم من أهل الكتاب، ويدعو لمجادلتهم بالتي هي احسن ﴿وَلاَ تُجَادِلُوا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ إِلاَّ بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ﴾ [57] وفي موضع آخر يميزهم : ﴿وَلَقَدِ اخْتَرْنَاهُمْ عَلَى عِلْمٍ عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ﴾.[58] ويثني على صبرهم: ﴿وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ الْحُسْنَى عَلَى بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا وَدَمَّرْنَا مَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ فِرْعَوْنُ وَقَوْمُهُ وَمَا كَانُوا يَعْرِشُونَ﴾.[59] ولكن بالإجمال ينتقد النص القرآني اليهود أكثر من المسيحيين. ومع أنه ورد في القرآن: لَتَجِدَنَّ أَشَدَّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَةً لِّلَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ الْيَهُودَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ وَلَتَجِدَنَّ أَقْرَبَهُمْ مَّوَدَّةً لِّلَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ الَّذِينَ قَالُوَاْ إِنَّا نَصَارَى ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّ مِنْهُمْ قِسِّيسِينَ وَرُهْبَانًا وَأَنَّهُمْ لاَ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ ،[60] إلا أن الإسلام قد أمر المسلمين بحسن معاملة أهل الكتاب سواء كانوا يهود أم مسيحيين، ما داموا غير محاربين. والكلام عن الصفات النابعة من الدين اليهودي والتي يمتلكها معظم اليهود، بحكم مادية رؤيتهم للحياة والحرص على المصالح والثروة، بخلاف المسيحيين الذين يغلب على ديانتهم المحبة والروحانية والتسامح.
لقد أبرم النبي محمد العهود مع اليهود في المدينة، واعتبرهم جزءًا من الأمة الإسلامية، وحارب الكثير من اليهود جنبًا إلى جنب ضد البيزنطيين والفرنجة، وقد أقصى النبي اليهود من شبه الجزيرة العربية لأنهم واثقوه وعاهدوه ثم خانوا العهود وتحالفوا مع أعدائه القرشيين، فإخراجهم كان بسبب الخيانة العظمى وليس بسبب يهوديتهم.[61][62]
وكذلك الأمر في الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي، يقول الشيخ يوسف القرضاوي: «إن الصراع بيننا وبين اليهود صراع على الأرض وليس من أجل يهوديتهم، فهم أهل كتاب إجمالاً».[63] يتشارك المسلمين واليهود في إيمانهم بنبوة موسى وغيره ممن وردوا في التوراة، وبحادثة خروج بني إسرائيل من مصر وشق البحر الأحمر، وكذلك في قدسيّة بعض الأماكن مثل مدينة القدس والحرم الإبراهيمي وحائط البراق الذي تُسميه اليهود “حائط المبكى”.
اوبری دریک گراهام (به انگلیسی: Aubrey Drake Graham) (زاده ۲۴ اکتبر، ۱۹۸۶) که با هنری نام دریک (به انگلیسی: Drake) شناخته میشود رپر کانادایی است. او مهمترین همکاری دریک به همراه لیل وین بود که ابتدای این همکاری از کنسرت ماه ژوئن آغاز شد و همین باعث شد تا لیل وین نقش اساسی را در اولین آلبومی که دریک منتشر کرد با نام “بعداً ازم تشکر کن” را داشته باشد؛ که این آلبوم که در ۱۵ ژوئن ۲۰۱۰ منتشر شد مقام اول “بیلبورد ۲۰۰ ” را بدست آورد. او به عنوان بهترین خواننده سیاهپوست کانادایی نیز شناخته میشود. دریک به جز لیل وین با خوانندگانی همچون امینم و فیفتی سنت نیز همکاری داشته است.[۲]
وبگاه رسمی
اوبری گراهام در بانک اطلاعات اینترنتی فیلمها
موسیقی هیپ_هاپ (به انگلیسی: hip_hop music) یکی از زیر سبکهای موسیقی است که بهطور موازی با فرهنگ هیپهاپ رشد کردهاست. این نوع موسیقی، از دو بخش اصلی تشکیل شدهاست: رپ (MC) و DJ (میکسصدا و اسکرچ). این موارد به همراه رقص برک و گرافیتی چهار بخش خردهفرهنگ هیپ هاپ، یک نهضت فرهنگی که توسط جوانان شهری به خصوص توسط سیاهان آمریکا ایجاد شد را تشکیل میدهد.[۱] در شهر نیویورک، در اوایل دهه ۱۹۷۰.
در سال ۲۰۰۶، موسیقی رپ پس از موسیقی کلاسیک دومین موسیقی محبوب در ایالات متحده آمریکا بود.[۲]
موسیقی هیپ هاپ، عموماً از یک یا چند خواننده رپ که داستانهای شبه خود زندگینامه تعریف میکنند تشکیل شدهاست، این داستانها اغلب مربوط به یک همتای خیالی، و به صورت اشعار بسیار ریتمیک پر از تکنیکهایی همچون همگونی مصوتها، تجانس آوایی، و قافیه است. خواننده رپ با یک قطعهسازی که اغلب از آن تحت عنوان «بیت» یاد میشود همراهی میشود، این ساز توسط یک دی جی نواخته شده، و توسط یک تهیهکننده، یا یک یا چند نوازنده خلق شدهاست. اغلب بیت با استفاده از یک ترکیب از وقفه کوبهای از یک آواز دیگر، که معمولاً یک ترانه فانک یا موسیقی سول است ساخته میشود. علاوه بر طبل دیگر صداها نیز اغلب به صورت ترکیبی، الکترونیکی، یا اجرایی هستند. گاهی اوقات یک بخش میتواند سازی، نشانه مهارت دی جی یا سازنده باشد.
هیپ هاپ در محلهٔ برانکس، واقع در شهر نیویورک، زمانی که DJ بریک ضربهای را از آوازهای فانک و دیسکو جدا کردند، شکل گرفت. سبک هیپ هاپ یک جنبش اجتماعی – سیاسی است که در اواخر دهه 70 ایجاد شد. در طول دهه 50 و 60 میلادی، بسیاری از سیاه پوستانی که به آمریکا مهاجرت کردند، با چالش های بسیاری روبرو شدند. یکی از این چالش های مهم، مسائل مالی و فاصله طبقاتی زیاد و همچنین نابرابری اجتماعی آن ها با سفید پوستان بود که باعث خشم بیشتر این افراد شده بود. در حالی که اکثر منابع مالی و جایگاه های اجتماعی خوب، نسیب سفید پوستان می شد. در اوایل، سیاه پوستان اعتراض خود را از طریق خواندن اشعار غیر ساختار یافته بیان می کردند و کم کم ، شروع به ایجاد نوع خاصی از اصطلاحات فرهنگی کردند و ستون های هیپ هاپ را تشکیل دادند. نقش اولیه رئیس تشریفات معرفی DJ و موسیقی و تشجیع حضار بود. رؤسای تشریفات با صحبت کردن در بین آوازها، به رقص شور و هیجان میدادند، با حضار احوالپرسی میکردند یا برای آنان لطیفه و حکایت تعریف میکردند. سرانجام این رویه شکل بندی بهتری گرفت و «رپ» نام گرفت. تا سال ۱۹۷۹ هیپ هاپ از نظر تجاری تبدیل به یک نوع موسیقی محبوب شد و شروع به وارد شدن به جریان غالب در آمریکا کرد. در دهه ۱۹۹۰، یک نوع از هیپ هاپ به نام رپ گنگستا تبدیل به بخش عمده موسیقی آمریکا شد، و جنجال بسیاری بر سر ترانههایی که گفته میشد به تبلیغ خشونت، بی بند و باری، استفاده از مواد مخدر و زن ستیزی میپردازد شکل گرفت. با این وجود تا آغاز دهه ۲۰۰۰، موسیقی هیپ هاپ در صدر فهرست موسیقیهای محبوب قرار گرفت و به سبکهای مختلف در گوشه و کنار جهان نواخته میشد یکی از بهترین های هیپ هاپ ک بصورت اجتماعی.سیاسی.گنگستر رپ مشکلات مردم و… توپاک شکور (مکاولی) میباشد که به پدر رپ معروف است و در لیبل رپ لس آنجلس دث را که متعلق به فرد خطرناکی به نام سوگ نایت بود فعالیت میکرد و آخرین رهبر سیاه پوستان و همچنین به خواننده های دیگری مثل اسنوپ داگ و دکتر دره هم از لیبل دث را بودند در کنار این ها گروه N.W.A هم در ساحل غربی فعالیت میکرد در سواحل شرقی هم رپرای مثل بیگیه. ناس.ماب دیپ.پاف ددی و…
هیپ هاپ یک جنبش فرهنگی است که موسیقی بخشی از آن است. موسیقی خود از دو بخش تشکیل شدهاست، رپ، یعنی ارائه (آوازهای سریع، بسیار آهنگین، تغزلی و اعتراضی) DJ، که یا از طریق پخشکننده صفحه (به انگلیسی: turntable)، ساز یا تولید صدای ساز ضربی با دهان ساخته میشود یکی دیگر از جنبههای مهم موسیقی هیپ هاپ مدی است که در کنار موسیقی شکل گرفتهاست.
دریک
بیت (نه ضرورتاً از طریق رپ) در هیپ هاپ تقریباً همیشه به صورت کسر ۴/۴ است. هیپ هاپ در کانون آهنگین خود میچرخد: به جای شمارش «مستقیم» ۴/۴ (موسیقی پاپ؛ هیپ هاپ بر اساس احساس پیشبینی شده تقریباً شبیه تأکید «چرخش» در کوبه جاز است. همانند تأکید تریوله در چرخش، آهنگ هیپ هاپ ظریف بوده، و به ندرت به صورت موجود نوشته شدهاست (مبنای ۴/۴: نوازنده طبل اجرای هیپ هاپ را بر عهده دارد) و اغلب به صورت «تأخیری» یا معوق نواخته میشود.
البته در آهنگسازی هیپ هاپ، از ضربهای ۲/۴، ۳/۴، ۶/۸ و … نیز استفاده میشود
این روش بیشتر در موسیقی سول، دیسکو و موسیقی فانک، که در آن بیتها و موسیقی آهنگین در طول قطعات تکرار میشد ابداع شد. در دهههای ۱۹۶۰ و ۱۹۷۰، جیمز براون به صورت رؤسای تشریفات امروز صحبت میکرد، آواز میخواند و فریاد میکشید. این روش موسیقی پایگاه کامل را برای رؤسای تشریفات برای قافیه سرایی فراهم میآورد. به همین دلیل موسیقی هیپ هاپ عموماً به رئیس تشریفات میپردازد، و اهمیت اشعار و تبحر در ارائه را تشدید میکند.
احتمالاً هیپ هاپ سازی مهمترین استثنای این قاعدهاست. در این نوع از هیپ هاپ، دی جیها و سازندگان میتوانند با ایجاد قطعاتسازی تجربیات جدیدی به دست آورند. در حالی که ممکن است آنان آوازهای راک را ترکیب کنند، آنان مقید به چارچوب هیپ هاپ سنتی نیستند.
ساز هیپ هاپ چه از نظر سیستم صوتی و چه از نظر ضبط و چه از نظر آهنگسازان و سازهای مورد استفاده آنان برگرفته از دیسکو، فانک، و ریتم و بلوز است. استفاده دی جیهای دیسکو و باشگاه از میکس از نیاز به استمرار موسیقی و در نتیجه انتقال آرام در بین قطعات ناشی میشد. بنابر مقایسه، هیپ هاپ کول دی جی هرک، جدا کردن و بسط تنها بریک—یک تکنوازی کوبهای میان پرده— از طریق ترکیب دو نسخه از یک قطعهاست. این امر، به گفته آفریکا بامباتا، «بخش خاص قطعهاست که همه منتظر آن هستند، آنها آمادهاند به هیجان بیایند.» (توپ، ۱۹۹۱) جیمز براون، باب جیمز، و پارلیامنت—در میان بسیاری دیگر— مدتها منبع محبوبی برای بریک بودند. میتوان قطعات ساز را نیز اغلب به صورت شیپور به این قطعات افزود (همانجا). بنابراین سازهای هیپ هاپ ترکیبی یا مبتنی بر سیستم صوتی شبیه موسیقی فانک، دیسکو، یا سول است. آوازها، گیتار، کیبورد، باس، طبل و کوبه.
گرچه موسیقی هیپ هاپ اولیه صرفاً مرکب از بیتهای بریک دی جی و دیگر قطعات قطعه وینیل بود، ظهور طبل برقی به آهنگسازان هیپ هاپ اجازه داد تا حدودی پارتیتورهای اولیه را به دست آورند. مجموعه طبل را میتوان همراه با موسیقی قطعات وینیل یا به تنهایی نواخت. اهمیت توالی طبلهای کیفی تبدیل به مهمترین کانون توجه آهنگسازان هیپ هاپ شد چرا که این ریتمها (جملهها) بهترین بخش برای رقص بودند. متعاقباً، طبلهای برقی برای تولید صدای قوی طبل باس تجهیز شدند. این امر به پیشی جستن تک نوازی طبل بر فانک قدیمی، آلبومهای سول و R&B مربوط به اواخر دهه ۱۹۶۰ و اوایل تا اواسط دهه ۱۹۷۰ منجر شد. طبلهای برقی مجموعه محدودی از صداهای از پیش تعیین شده، از جمله های هت، طبل کوچک، تام، و طبل باس در اختیار داشتند.
آغاز استفاده از ترکیبکننده نحوه ساخت موسیقی هیپ هاپ را تغییر داد. یک ترکیبکننده میتواند کلیپهای صوتی کوچک را از هر گونه ابزار ورودی، همچون صفحه گردان بازسازی کند. سازندگان میتوانستند الگوهای طبل شبیه به هم را ترکیب کنند. مهمتر اینکه، آنان میتوانستند مجموعهای از سازها را با هم ترکیب کنند تا در کنار طبل خود بنوازند. سرانجام موسیقی هیپ هاپ دسته کامل خود را گرد هم آورد.
بسیاری از سازندگان و شنوندگان افتخار میکنند که برخی قطعات از سنتهای هیپ هاپ است و بنابراین منبع خوبی از ترکیبها و وقفه هاست. تا به امروز، تولیدکنندگان از تجهیزات مرموزی برای بازسازی صدای خشن مورد استفاده در قطعات قدیمی استفاده میکنند. این امر به قطعات اعتبار بخشیده و خاطره پیشینه هیپ هاپ را در ذهن شنوندگان تداعی میکند.
مهمترین دورههای تاریخی هیپ هاپ دورههای هیپ هاپ مکتب قدیم دوره (۱۹۷۰ تا ۱۹۸۵) است، که از آغاز دوره هیپ هاپ تا زمان ورود آن به جریان غالب، و دوره هیپ هاپ عصر طلایی (۱۹۸۵ تا ۱۹۹۳) است، که صدای ایست کوست و وست کوست را با هم ادغام کرده و با ظهور رپ گنگستا و جی فانک، که ساخته وست کوست است وارد عصر جدید شد. سالهای پس از ۱۹۹۳ شامل هیپ هاپ پورنو، بیلینگ و ژانرهای مخفی، که دوران جدید را تعریف میکند است.
هیپ هاپ در طول دهه ۱۹۷۰ در بلاک پارتی در شهر نیویورک شکل گرفت، یعنی زمانی که دی جیها شروع به جدا کردن بریکهای کوبهای برای مقابله با آوازهای فانک، سول، R&B و دیسکو کردند. خاستگاه این نوع از آواز به اوسط دهه ۱۹۵۰ بر میگردد یعنی زمانی که هنرمند راک سول/فانک جیمز براون دسته ریچارد کوچولو را نخستین گروهی دانست که موسیقی فانک را در بیت راک قرار داد. این آوازها بر مبنای &(به انگلیسی: ndash)؛ دی جی «بریک بیت» ساخته شدهاست. با افزایش محبوبیت هیپ هاپ، نوازندگان شروع به صحبت کردن در حین نواخته شدن موسیقی کردند، و از آن پس «رئیس تشریفات» یا «امسی» نام گرفتند. در سال ۱۹۷۹، دو آلبوم هیپ هاپ نخستین بار به صورت تجاری پخش شد: «شاه تیم ۳ (جاک شخصیت)» ساختهدسته فتبک، و «شادی رپها» ساخته دسته شوگرهیل؛ شادی رپها چهلمین آهنگ برتر آمریکا در نمودار آهنگهای پاپ برتر شد. دسته راک بلوندی با آهنگ شعف، در سال ۱۹۸۰، در فهرست صد آهنگ برتر جایگاه اول را به خود اختصاص داد.
در دهه ۱۹۸۰، هیپ هاپ تنوع بیشتری یافت و تبدیل به نوع پیچیده تری از موسیقی شد. همزمان، فنون پیچیده تری ایجاد شد، که از آن جمله میتوان بهاسکرچ، و ضبط الکترونیکی اشاره کرد. در اواخر دهه ۱۹۸۰، با افزایش محبوبیت این ژانر از موسیقی شماری از سبکها و زیر گونههای جدید هیپ هاپ پا به عرصه گذاشت. آهنگسازان هیپ هاپ شروع به همکاری با دستههای راک کردند و ژانرهای جدیدی همچون هیپ هاپ خودآگاه، جاز رپ و رپ گنگستا را به وجود آوردند.
در دهه ۱۹۹۰، رویارویی طولانی میان رپهای گنگستا در وست کوست و ایست کوست آغاز شد. این امر منجر به فنای هر دوی توپاک شکور و نوتوریوس بی. آی. جی، به ترتیب در سالهای ۱۹۹۶ و ۱۹۹۷ شد. در سال ۱۹۹۶، گروه رپ کلیولند بون تاگز-ان-هارمونی با آهنگ «چهار راه تا» رکورد ۳۲ ساله بیتلیها برای سریعترین رشد را پشت سر گذاشت، و در سال ۲۰۰۰، آلبوم مارشال مترز ال پی ساخته اولین خواننده سفیدپوست رپ امینم بیش از نه میلیون نسخه فروش داشت و جایزه گرمی را به خود اختصاص داد.
جدای از محبوبیت بسیار هیپ هاپ، این ژانر از موسیقی تأثیر چشمگیری بر اکثر انواع موسیقی مردمی داشت. برخی هنرمندان بیت یا رپ هیپ هاپ را با راک اند رول، هوی متال، پانک راک، مرنگو، سالسا، کومبیا، فانک، جاز، خانگی، تاراب، رگا، هایلایف، ام بالاکس و سول درهم آمیختند. خوانندگان پاپ نوجوانان و دسته پسرها همچون بک استریت بویز، انسینک، کریستینا آگوئیلرا، جسیکا سیمپسون، و بریتنی اسپیرز در بسیاری از تک خوانیهای خود از بیتهای هیپ هاپ استفاده میکنند.
از اوایل دهه ۱۹۹۰ ارتباطی نزدیک و خاص بین موسیقی هیپ هاپ و موسیقی حزنانگیز بودهاست. در واقع امروزه تقریباً در تمامی موسیقیهای حزنانگیز ثبت شده عناصری از موسیقی هیپ هاپ یافت میشود. ترکیب این دو به نام nu soul در اواخر دهه ۱۹۸۰ در گروههای New Jack Swing دیده شدند. با این وجود تا بیش از ظهور نوازندگانی مانند ماری جی بلیگ و ماریا کری شکل مدرن آن بهوجود نیامد. در اواخر دهه ۱۹۹۰ و اوایل ۲۰۰۰، تأثیرات موسیقی هیپ هاپ در خوانندگانی مانند دی انجل، لارین هیل، جیل اسکات و آلیشا کیز مشهودتر شد.
طی دهه ۸۰، گروههای مشهوری مانند Run-D.M.C هم از هیپ هاپ و هم از هارد راک در ژانرهای جدیدی استفاده کردند که نمونه آن «Walk This Way» است با اجرای اروسمیث که موفقیتی فوقالعاده بدست آورد. سایر نوازندگانی مانند آیس تی و گروهش Body Coun از هیب هاب، بانک راک و متال استفاده کردند، با این حال اینطور گفته میشود که اولین گروهی که متال را با تکنیکهای آوازی رپ آمیخت گروه Anthraxبودهاست. برداشت جدید «Bring The Noise» توسط (Anthraxو دشمن مردم (ابهامزدایی) نمونهای خوب از اولین آهنگهای رپ- متال است. Biohazard Faith No More, Rage Against The Machine از جمله سایر نمونههای اولیه این گونه موسیقیها میباشند. در اواخر دهه ۱۹۹۰ با ظهور گروههای مانند لینکین پارک، لیمپ بیزکت وکورن که نیو متال نام گرفتند، موسیقی رپ- متال محبوب تر شد و در عین حال بیشتر مورد انتقاد طرفداران هر دو ژانر موسیقی قرار گرفت.
در آمریکای لاتین، موسیقی رپ در دهه ۱۹۸۰ به صورت toasting که قسمتی از موسیقی جامائیکایی ragga میباشد شناخته شد. به عنوان مثال غزلیات رپ از قبل بخشی ازsoca music بودند. رشد موسیقی هیپ هاپ در این ناحیه باعث ظهور آمیزههای آشکاری مانند[reggaeton و timba شد. در آفریقا نیز آوازهای رپ گونه مانند tassou) سنگالی از قبل بخشی از موسیقیهای محبوب بودند و موسیقی هیپ هاپ به سهولت به سبکهای مشهوری مانند طرب (آفریقا) و mbalax ادغام شد. در کوبا نیز با گروههایی مانند Anonimo Consejo, Doble Filo, Papa Umbertico و گروه فمینیستی و همجنسگرا Krudas هیپ هاپ رشدی قابل توجه یافت.
این ژانر همچنین بر سبکهای مختلف موسیقی الکترونیک نیز تأثیر داشت. تأثیرات موسیقی هیپ هاپ در ژانرهایی مانند تریپ هاپ، jungle, UK garage, grime و سایر ژانرها کاملاً مشهود است.
موسیقی هیپ هاپ قسمتی از یک نهضت فرهنگی به نام هیپ هاپ است که شامل عناصری مانند رقص برک و هنر دیوارنویسی به همراه فهرست مرتبطی اززبان عامیانه در موسیقی هیپ هاپ، مدهای هیپ هاپ و دیگر عناصر است. محبوبیت موسیقی به محبوبیت فرهنگ هیپ هاپ در ایالات متحده و دیگر کشورها کمک کرد.
اواخر دهه ۱۹۹۰ شاهد افزایش محبوبیت سبک زندگی «bling bling» در موسیقی بود که بر روی نمادهایی همچون ثروت و مقام مثل پول، جواهرات، اتوموبیل و لباس تکیه داشت. با اینکه نماد ثروت از زمان زایش موسیقی هیپ هاپ بهوجود آمده بود، فرهنگ جدید و قوی تر «bling bling» ریشه در کارهای بسیار موفق اواسط تا اواخر دهه ۹۰(مخصوصاً کارهای ویدئویی) پاف ددی، Bad Boy Records و همچنین کارNo Limit Records توسط مستر پی داشت. با این حال واژه آن در سال ۱۹۹۹ (به انگلیسی: Cash Money Records) در کار تک نفرهاش «bling bling» خلق شد. از مظاهر سبک زنگی و نگرش «bling bling»، طرفداران Cash Money بودند. با اینکه بسیاری از طرفداران رپ، مخصوصاً گانگسترها، بی هیچ واهمهای فرهنگ bling bling را دنبال میکنند، دیگران (بیشتر هنرمندانی خارج از جریان هیپ هاپ) عملاً پیروان بی چون وچرای bling bling را سرزنش کرده و این فرهنگ را ماتریالیستی مینامند.
آلبوم همه نگاهها به من محصول سال ۱۹۹۶ بخاطر ژانری که داشت، از آلبومهای بسیار تأثیرگذار آن زمان بود و موفقترین کار توپاک شکور محسوب میشد.
موفقیت چشمگیر هیپ هاپ — مخصوصاً سبک رپ گانگستری — اثرات اجتماعی بسیاری نیز در طرز رفتار جوان مدرن داشتهاست. رفتارهای خودخواهانهای که معمولاً در غزلیات و آثار ویدئویی برخی از هنرمندان هیپ هاپ نمایش داده شدهاست، بارها اثراتی منفی بر برخی از طرفداران ایدئالیست آنها داشتهاست. این در حالی است که بهطور حتم رفتارهای تعدادی از هنرمندان خاص نمیتواند نشاندهنده رفتار جامعه هیپ هاپ باشد، و تأثیر محتوای غزلیات هیپ هاپ بر جوانانی که بخشی از فرهنگ هیپ هاپ را تشکیل میدهند جای بحث دارد، چنین جوانانی اغلب نقاب شخصیتی یک” گانگسترً را دارند در حالیکه عضو هیچ گروه تبهکاری نیستند. اغلب چنین نقابهای شخصیتی موجب رفتارهای غیر اجتماعی مانند کنارهگیری از دوستان، بیتوجهی به تحصیلات، عدم پذیرش قدرتها و انجام جرمهای کوچک مانند خرابکاری میشود. در حالیکه اغلب شنوندگان میتوانند نکات داستانهای مربوط به رفتار اجتماعی را تشخیص دهند، یک گونه فرهنگ فرعی بنام pseudo-gangsta در میان جوانان آمریکای شمالی ایجاد شدهاست.
از آنجا که موسیقی هیپ هاپ تقریباً همیشه بریک مردانگی زیاد تأکید دارد، چنین گفته میشود که غزلیاتش نشاندهنده یک ذهنیت هوموفوبیا است. اغلب تردیدها و گمانهای در مورد وجود تعداد بسیاری موزیسینهای هیپ هاپ همجنسگرا وجود دارد که از ترس از دست دادن کارشان خود را مخفی نگه داشتهاند. چنین شایعاتی در مورد برخی هنرمندان هیپ هاپ از قبیل کوئین لطیفه، دا برات و برخی دیگر گفته میشود. در سال ۲۰۰۱، فستیوال سالانه به نام PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival در اوکلند در کالیفرنیا برگزار شد که برای اولین بار در این فستیوال تمامی نوازندگان همجنسگرا، دو جنسی و رپهایی که تغییر جنسیت داده بودند حضور داشتند و از آن تاریخ این فستیوال هر ساله برگزار شده ست. در سال ۲۰۰۳به همجنسگرا و هنرمند رپ و هیپها، کاشن عنوان Baby Phat داده شد، با این وجود آثار او هرگز به معرض نمایش گذاشته نشدند. در سال ۲۰۰۵، Pick Up the Mic عرضه شد که در آن به نوازندگان LGBT هیپ هاپ پرداخته شده بود.
هیپ هاپ زبان عامیانه خود را دارد که شامل کلماتی مانند yo, flow و phat میباشد. به دلیل موفقیت تجاری قابل توجه هیپ هاپ در اواخر دهه نود و اوایل قرن ۲۱، بسیاری از این گونه کلمات در لهجههای مختلفی در سرتاسر آمریکا و جهان بکار رفتند و حتی کسانی که از طرفداران هیپ هاپ نبودند از کلماتی مانندdis بارها استفاده میکردند. کلماتی مانند homie نیز وجود دارند که به پیش از زمان هیپ هاپ برمیکردند اما اغلب به هیپ هاپ نسبت داده میشدند و دلیل آن هم ارتباط نزدیک بین آثار هیپ هاپ و لهجه بسیاری از نوازندگان است، انگلیسی محاورهای آفریقایی آمریکایی. برخی مواقع اصطلاحاتی مانند «خیلی باحالی» با یک ترانه جا افتاده (در اینجا، در ترانه «دستانت را جایی نگه دار که من ببینم» با باستا رایمز و تنها به همین صورت کوتاه شده بکار میروند. زبان عامیانهای مانند اسنوپ داگ و E-۴۰ که قانونمند هستند و در آنها با اضافه کردن «-izz» به وسط کلمهها “shit” به “shizznit” تبدیل میشود اهمیتی خاص دارند (بعضی مواقع نیز “n” اضافه میگردد). این روشها که از زبان بی مفهوم فرنکی اسمیت در ترانه سال ۱۹۸۰ او به نام «DoubleDutch Bu» آغاز شدهاست، حتی در میان کسانی که طرفدار هیپ هاپ نیستند نیز رواج یافته، در حالیکه این افراد احتمالاً از منشأ آن بیاطلاع هستند.
احتمالاً هیپ هاپ به دلیل بکارگیری الفاظ نامناسب در مقایسه با سایر موسیقیهای سالهای اخیر بیش ازهمه با مشکل سانسور مواجه بودهاست. بسیاری از اشعار این سبک تجسمکننده جنگ و کودتاهایی هستند که در نهایت به سرنگونی نظام میانجامند. برای مثال شعر «(به انگلیسی: Gotta Give the Peeps What They Need)» محصول گروه Public Enemy بدون کسب اجازه از سازندگان آن مورد ویرایش قرار گرفت که طی آن کلماتی همچون «آزاد مومیا ابو جمال».[۳] استفاده گسترده از فحش و ناسزا در بسیاری از اشعار باعث شدهاست که بر سر پخش آنها به صورت آثار ویدئویی در کانالهای تلویزیونی مثل MTV یا در رادیو جنجالهای بسیار برانگیخته شود. در نتیجه بسیاری از آثار هیپ هاپ به صورت سانسور شده پخش میشوند که طی این سانسورها کلمات مستهجن حذف شده (در حالیکه موسیقی متن حذف نمیشود) یا حتی کلمات و اشعاری کاملاً متفاوت جایگزین آنها میشود. نتیجه، که معمولاً باعث میشود باقی اشعار نامفهوم شوند یا با ضبط اصلی کار متناقض باشند، همراه با دیگر جنبههای موسیقی کاملاً مورد توجه قرار گرفتهاند و در فیلمهایی همچون آستین پاورز: در عضو طلایی مورد مضحکه قرار گرفتهاند، که در آن شخصیتی که در فضای مضحکه آمیزی از هیپ هاپ در حال بازی است، شعری را میخواند که کاملاً سانسور میشود.
در سال ۱۹۹۵ راجر ابرت مینویسد:[۴]
«رپ در محافل سفید پوستان از وجهه بدی برخوردار است. بسیاری بر این باورند که موسیقی رپ در بر گیرنده الفاظ مستهجن، خشن، ضد سفیدپوست و توهینآمیز نسبت به زنان است. در حقیقت برخی از این الفاظ همین گونهاند. اما بیشتر آنها اینگونه نیستند. این در حالیست که بسیاری از سفید پوستان اهمیتی نمیدهند. آنها صدای سیاه پوستان را ناخشنود و نا هماهنگ میدانند. با این حال رپ اکنون همان نقشی را بازی میکند که باب دیلن در سال ۱۹۶۰ بازی میکرد. رپ آرزوها و خشمهای یک نسل را بیان میکند و قسمت اعظم آن در غالب نوشتههای رسا موجود است.»
با اینکه موسیقی هیپ هاپ برای اولین بار در ایالات متحده خلق شد، اکنون به اکثر نقاط جهان راه پیدا کردهاست. موسیقی هیپ هاپ تا قبل از دهه ۱۹۸۰ تنها در ایالات متحده رواج داشت. در طول آن دهه بود که این موسیقی راهش را به قارههای دیگر جهان باز کرد و تبدیل به موسیقی متن بسیاری از کشورها شد. رواج این موسیقی با رواج فرهنگ هیپ هاپ همگام بود – همانطور که رقص برک محبوبیت کسب میکرد، گروههای طرفدار رپ و هیپ هاپ هم بیشتر و بیشتر شدند.
در میان کشورهای آسیایی و جزایر اقیانوس آرام، فیلیپین اولین کشوری بود که موسیقی هیپ هاپ به آن راه پیدا کرد. نکته زمان زایش موسیقی هیپ هاپ فیلیپینو یا همان پینوی رپ به اوایل دهه ۱۹۸۰ و آهنگسازی دایورد ژاویر («Na Onseng Delight») و وینسنت نگ (“Nunal”) بازمیگردد. این ژانر طی دهه ۱۹۸۰ با سرعت کمی رشد کرد اما به زودی با ورود اولین آلبوم ماگالونا با نام «تو!» که شامل کار بسیار موفق «هموطنان من» بود به جریان غالب آن زمان تبدیل شد. ماگالونا که رپ را به انگلیسی و تاگالوگ اجرا میکرد، به پیشگام این ژانر و در نتیجه چهره برتر تبدیل شد. ستارگان غالب رپ آسیا، MCلارا و لیدی دایان و پیشتاز همه آنها مایکل وی در فیلیپین و ژاپن شهرت بسیاری یافتند. در ژاپن خوانندگان رپ که به صورت مخفیانه کار میکردند، شنوندگان محدودی داشتند و در اواسط دهه ۱۹۹۰ گروه معروف teen idol روش جدیدی با نام J-rap را ابداع کردند که در صدر جداول قرار گرفت.
در سئول، سن هیپ هاپ کرهای به نوعی از یک پدیده فرهنگی تبدیل شده بود. برخی از هواداران اظهار میکنند که هنرمندان هیپ هاپ کرهای دارای مهارتهایی هستند که با مهارتهای همتایان آمریکایی خود برابری میکند. جو پی دی، ببر مست، سای و حماسه برجسته جزء اجراکنندگان شهیر آن هستند. برخی بر این باورند که موسیقی هیپ هاپ کره به عنوان آنتی تز قابل احترام و آگاه از جامعه در برابر ژانر پاپ که اغلب مصنوعی و گیجکنندهاست و بر صنعت موسیقی کره حاکم است، ایستادهاست.
موسیقی هیپ هاپ در اواسط دهه نود قرن بیستم در کره جنوبی محبوبیت یافت. اجراکنندگان اصلی و مشهور هیپ هاپ کره اغلب شبیه موسیقی آر اند بی یا موسیقی پاپ هستند که در آن هنرمندان سبکهای آواز (و رقص) حرکات رپ را از ایالات متحده تقلید میکنند. اجراکنندگان اولیه که به ندرت آهنگهایشان را خودشان مینوشتند، شامل کیم گان مو سئو تایجی، و بویز، دئوکسو دی جی داک هستند. برخلاف دیگر آهنگهای هیپ هاپ کرهای که در آن زبان کرهای با زبان انگلیسی شکسته بستهای آمیخته میشود، در این نوع موسیقی در ابتدا منحصراً زبان کرهای مورد استفاده قرار میگرفت. سئو تایجی که دارای پیشینه موسیقی هوی متال سؤال برانگیزی بود، گیتارهای هوی متال را اغلب در میکسهای خود به کار میبرد و سایر هنرمندان نیز برخی قسمتهای تکنو را در آثار خود تلفیق میکردند.
تعداد کمی از هنرمندان، از جمله سئو تایجی و ام سی اسنیپر نیز قسمتهایی از موسیقی سنتی کره مانند پانسوری یا نانگک (موسیقی کشاورزان) را با آثار خود آمیختند. کاملاً واضح بود که اولین حرکات تقلیدی از حرکات محبوب آمریکایی بود. به عنوان مثال، سبک آوازی یا تولیدی «به خانه برگرد» سئو تایجی شبیه سبک سیپرس هیل بود. اولین آلبوم «رپ» که تمامی مشخصات موسیقی رپ را داشت، آلبوم اول کیم جین پیو در سال ۱۹۹۷ بود. بر اساس رپر تابلو حماسه برجسته، فرم هیپ هاپ کرهای، دست کم تاکنون تحت تسلط قرار گرفتهاست— واقعاً نمیتوان ضربها، ریتمها، اجراها، ظاهر —آن را از صحنههای آمریکایی تمیز داد، اما در مورد ارتباط اجتماعی باید گفت این موسیقی در این زمینه راه زیادی برای پیمودن دارد. پیغام به کندی در حال رسیدن به حد میانهاست.»
بسیاری از هنرمندان رپ در جریان اصلی موسیقی کره موفق بودهاند. هنرمندان موفق شامل اجراکنندگانی از قبیل جینوسین، ۱TYM، ام سی اسنیپر، جو پی دی و حماسه برجسته میشود. دیگر هنرمندان زیر زمینی که شهرت چندانی نداشتند و عمدتاً به استفاده از ضربهای غیر خیرهکننده تمرکز میکردند، شامل کویت پالو آلتو ،TBNY و غیره میباشد.
در اواسط دهه نود قرن بیست هیپ هاپ کرهای-آمریکایی در ایالات متحده رواج یافت که این امر عمدتاً به تلاشهای دو خواننده رپ کرهای؛ ببر جی کی و دی جی درخشش ببر مست مربوط میشود. ببر مست بعد از آهنگ «کره سیاه» توسط آیس کیوب خلق شد که از موسیقی به عنوان ابزاری برای تبادل فرهنگ و به چشم تلاشی برای ترویج هماهنگی نژادی استفاده میبرد.
به دنبال موفقیت ببر مست، بسیاری از گروههای جدید و شرکتهای تولیداتی با هدف هرچه بیشتر مردمیکردن سبک موسیقی پدیدار شدند. ببر جی کی و ببر مست جنبش کرو را تشکیل دادند تا بتوانند گروه نخبههای بهترین خوانندههای رپ کره را معرفی کنند.
گفته میشود که هیپ هاپ ژاپنی (نیپ هاپ یا جی-هیپ هاپ) در سال ۱۹۸۳؛ یعنی زمانی که فیلم سبک وحشی چارلی آهیرنز در توکیو به نمایش درآمد، آغاز شد. این فیلم بر هنرمندان دیوارنوشتهها متمرکز بود، اما با این حال در آن برخی از ام سیهای اولیه مدرسه قدیمی، از زنبور پرکار و مشکل دوگانه، دی جیهایی مانند گراند مستر فلاش و موفقیتهایی نظیر راک استدی کرو به نمایش درآمده بود.
پس از نمایش این فیلم نوازندگان خیابانی در پارک یویوگی به رقص بریک پرداختند. در فاصله بسیار کمی، کریزی ای به عنوان یک بی- بوی مطرح شد و او خود سرانجام راک استدی کرو ژاپن را تأسیس کرد و این در حالی است که دی جی برخورد که از صحنه پارک یویوگی برخاسته بود، تبدیل به یک دی جی شناخته شده جهانی شود. دی جیهای بیشتری متعاقب آن مطرح شدند و شروع ظهور دی جیها ۱۹۸۵ بود. یک سال بعد، باشگاهی برای تمامی هیپ هاپها در شیبویا افتتاح شد. در آن زمان شکی وجود داشت در این خصوص که زبان ژاپنی با توجه به نداشتن هجاهای تکیه بر و نیز به سبب آنکه پایان افعال آن بسیار متفاوت بود، برای ژانر رپ مناسب نباشد. با وجود این تعدادی از هنرمندان رپ، از جمله ایتو سیکو، چیکادو هارو، تینی پانکس و تاکاگی کان ظهور کردند.
دریک
در دهه نود، موسیقی جی رپ نوجوانان ظهور کرد و هیپ هاپ به جریان اصلی موسیقی ژاپن راه پیدا کرد. اولین کار موفق «Kon’ya wa Boogie Back» شا دارا پار بود. در سال بعد از آن، «دا.یو.نی.» و «مایکاً توسط ایست اند ایکس عرضه شدند. سرانجام هیپ هاپ در ژاپن به دو شکل تقسیم شد: هیپ هاپ ژاپنی نرمال و» سکسی «و یک شکل» ضعیف تری «که بیشتر تحت تأثیر موسیقی آر اند بیقرار داشت و نام آن جی-اربن بود. گروهی که اغلب از آن به عنوان مبدع موسیقی جی-اربن یاد میشود، گروهام-فلو (ای کی ای» مدیریت فو) بود. آنها که در ابتدا از یک دی جی تنهای ژاپنی (دی جی تاکو) و یک ام سی (کلامی) کرهای- ژاپنی تشکیل شده بودند، یک خواننده دیگری به نام لیزا که نژاد پرویی- ژاپنی داشت، را به جمع خود اضافه کردند. آلبوم اول آنها، درخشش سیاره، در سال ۲۰۰۰ پخش شد و از آن زمان تاکنون برنامههای جی-اربن زیادی از جمله کریستال کی، ای وان، هارتس دیلز و نیز کارهای مشترکی با ستارههای پاپ ازقبیل نامی آمور، و بوآ پخش شدند. سایر برنامههای محبوب جی-اربن، مانند آر آی پی اسلای مینیز با ام-فلو کار شدهاست.
برای هنرمندان هیپ هاپ آسیایی دشوار است که بتوانند وارد جریان اصلی ایالات متحده آمریکا بشوند، اما در سال ۲۰۰۲ یک هنرمند رپ چینی- آمریکایی به نام جین آئو- یونگ (که اغلب او را جین یا ام سی میشناسند) حادثه هیجان انگیزی را رقم زد. او در هفت هفته متوالی جایزه فری استایل فرایدی را در بت ۱۰۶ و پارک که برنامهای مختص هیپ هاپ بود، از آن خود کرد و از مسابقات کنارهگیری کرد. جین اعلام کرد که پس از پیروزی در نبرد در آخرین هفته با نشان راف رایدرز امضا میکردهاست. توجهها به او بیشتر شد و این یک موفقیت بزرگ برای هنرمندان آسیایی-آمریکایی محسوب میشد. دو سال پس از آن، او آلبومی را به نام ئیرجین/راف رایدر تحت عنوان «مابقی رفتنی است» عرضه کرد. جین اولین آسیایی-آمریکایی بود که میتوانست یک آلبوم تک نوازی را در جریان اصلی به اجرا بگذارد، هر چند که آلبوم چندان موفقیتی در برنداشت. بسیاری از هواداران هیپ هاپ کمبود تبلیغات و به تعویق افتادن آلبوم به مدت هفت ماه را از جمله دلایل اصلی ناکامی آلبوم مزبور میدانند. درهای ورود آسیایی-آمریکاییها به جریان اصلی اندکی باز بود، اما این اتفاق هنوز بهطور کامل رخ نداده بود.
هیپ هاپ اسرائیل در پایان دهه به تدریج شهرت و محبوبیت یافت، ستارههای زیادی از دو طرف فلسطینیها تامر نافر و زیرزمینیها یهودی پدیدار شدند؛ اگر چه برخی از آنها، از قبیل موک ای. به تبلیغ صلح و مدارا میپرداختند، دیگران احساسات خشونت گرایانه و ملیگرا را سر میدادند.
جستار اصلی: رپ فارسی
در ایران، هیپهاپ در ایران در دهٔ ۹۰ میلادی متولد شد؛ بهطوریکه جوانان ایرانی ابتدا تنها با رقص هیپهاپ آشنا شدند و سپس با موسیقی و رشتههای ورزشی هنری مرتبط دیگر مانند اسکیتبورد. همچنین با مرور زمان نقاشی گرافیتی نیز در ایران ظهور کرد، اما پر رونقترین بخش از این خردهفرهنگ در ایران شامل موسیقی میباشد. این سبک پس از از ترور توپاک شکور (۱۹۹۶) و رسانهای شدن نکات مثبت و معضلات این سبک، به صورت گستردهتری به نسل جدید جوانان ایران معرفی شد.
شاید اولین آهنگ رپ فارسی با گرایشی عامهپسند، توسط حسن شماعیزاده در اوایل دهه ۶۰ شمسی به همراه فرزندش با مطلع «شعر میدونم که دروغ میگی وقتی میگی که دوسم میداری» تولید شده باشد. همچنین در اوایل دهه ۷۰ شمسی، گروه سندی با آهنگ مشهور «پری» به این نوع موسیقی را به گونهای مؤثرتر در دسترس طرفداران ایرانی قرارداد. متعاقباً، در اواخر دهه ۱۳۷۰ خورشیدی موسیقی با این حال و هوا در یک برنامهٔ تلویزیونی به نام «اکسیژن» در ایران پخش شد. این قطعه توسط شهاب حسینی مجری برنامه خوانده شد و تاحدودی مورد توجه قرار گرفت.[۵] تقریباً دو سال بعد از این رخداد، اولین آلبوم رسمی رپ فارسی در ایران توسط شاهکار بینشپژوه با نام اسکناس منتشر شد. این آلبوم که در سبک رپ طنز بود و اولین آلبوم رپ فارسی بود که در ایران با مجوز رسمی وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی منتشر شد، چندان مورد استقبال واقع نشد.[۵]
در مورد فعالیت گروههای زیرزمینی رپ فارسی در ایران به دلیل پیچیدگی شرایط و تحت فشار بودن هنرمندان این سبک از موسیقی زیرزمینی، منابع موثقی دال بر تاریخچهٔ اصلی برنامههای ملاقات و نحوه شکلگیری گروههای ابتدایی هنرمندانی که در داخل مرزهای ایران شروع به کار کردند، برای عموم پخش نمیشود. در اواخر دههٔ هفتاد خورشیدی رپ فارسی شکل جدیتری به خود گرفت،گروه واژخنیا شایان و کومرث فربد و هوشنگ و سروش لشکری با نام مستعار هیچکس و همینطور گروه زدبازی در داخل ایران (که گفته میشود بیشترین تأثیر را بر این سبک موسیقی داشتهاست و باعث ماندگاری و تداوم این سبک تا به امروز شدهاست زیرا که تا قبل از آن افراد به ندرت به صورت رسمی از عنوان خوانندهٔ رپ فارسی برای معرفی خود استفاده میکردند، یاسر بختیاری با نام مستعار یاس، بهنام مهرخوان با نام مستعار دیو سپید در آمریکا از اولین خوانندگان و گروه زدبازی (در ابتدا شامل سامان رضاپور و مهراد مستوفی راد) و سپس بهرام نورایی عرفان، حصین رحمتی، رضا ناصری آزاد، از اولین گروهها یا اشخاصی هستند که به رپ فارسی پرداختند.[نیازمند منبع] لازم است تا در این قسمت نامی از گروه دونفرهٔ یاشار و شایان داشته باشیم که با پخش آلبوم نسبتاً ارزشمند خود در اواخر دههٔ ۷۰ خورشیدی قدم مهمی در پیشرفت این زیر سبک هنری داشتند، گروه فوق پس از آن زمان به صورت کاملاً زیرزمینی به فعالیت پرداخته و دستخوش تغییراتی در فهرست اعضای خود شدهاند، بهطوریکه هماکنون با اسم واژخنیا و با ترکیبی پرتعداد ولی بدون حاشیه و البته میل به برگزاری اجراهای عموم و پخش رسمی آلبوم فعال هستند. پس از رواج این سبک در دههٔ ۸۰ و ۹۰ شمسی، انبوهی از خوانندگان آماتور و مستعد به این نوع موسیقی میپردازند و روزانه تعداد کثیری موسیقی در این سبک تولید میشود که البته کمتر جنبهٔ رقابتی داشته و تعداد هنرمندان ثابت، حرفهای و فعال این سبک، از تعداد معدودی تجاوز نمیکند.
اولین کتاب ترجمه شده در مورد هیپهاپ توسط تیم هیپهاپا و به ترجمهٔ مهران محمودی و مهرداد جمشیدیها در سال ۱۳۹۵ تحت نام مقدمهای بر هیپهاپ منتشر شد که ترجمهٔ کتاب مهم کیآراس-وان بود. یک سال بعد کتاب نسل هیپهاپ نوشتهٔ نصیر مشکوری نیز منتشر شد که به دلیل برخی از مسائل از جمله سختی در تهیهٔ منابع کافی، کتاب در دسترس عموم قرار نگرفت و عدهٔ معدودی به آن دست یافتند. هرچند پیش از این کتاب کتابهای تألیفی دیگری از جمله کتاب ابراهیم نبوی در مورد هیپهاپ منتشر شده بودند، ولی این کتابها از لحاظ منابع و اطلاعات کتب قابل اطمینانی نبودند و اشتباهات زیادی داشتند.
مستند تکامل هیپهاپ در ابتدای سال ۱۳۹۶ توسط تیم هیپهاپا ترجمه شد و در کانال تلگرام این تیم به صورت رایگان قرار گرفت.
هیپ هاپ برای اولین بار در سال ۱۹۷۹ در فرانسه ظاهر شد و همزمان با آن، این زیر سبک در ایالات متحده نیز به موفقیتهایی دست یافت. تا سال ۱۹۸۲، حتی ایستگاههای رادیویی هیپ هاپ نیز پا به عرصه وجود گذاشتند که از آن جمله میتوان به رپر دپر اسنپر اشاره کرد. همچنین دی جی دی نستی، که بعدها تبدیل به ستارهای در این زمینه شد، اولین حضور خود را تجربه کرد. همان سال یک کنسرت بزرگ هیپ هاپ برگزار شد؛ رپ تور نیویورک، که توسط اروپا ۱ حمایت میشد و در آن آفریقا بامباتا، گراند میکسر دی اس تی، فب ۵ فریدی، آقای فریز و راک استدی کرو دیده میشدند.
هیپ هاپ تا سال ۱۹۸۳ به یکی از بخشهای برجسته صحنه موسیقی فرانسه تبدیل شده بود. دی نستی «پانام سیتی رپین»، که در سال ۱۰۸۴ عرضه شده بود، اولین هیپ هاپ ثبتی فرانسه محسوب میشد. فرانسه شماری از ستارههای بومی، از قبیل (گروه) آی ای ام| آی ای ام و سوپریم ان تی ام را پرورش داد. البته مشهورترین هنرمند رپ فرانسوی یحتمل ام سی سولار سنگالی تباراست.
هیپ هاپ در اروپا هم درحوزه مردم قبائل قرار میگرفت و هم درحوزه مهاجران.
برای نمونه، در آلمان میتوان به گروه «چهار شگفتانگیز» Die Fantastischen Vier یا سیدو اشاره کرد.
هیپ هاپ سوئد در اواسط دهه هشتاد قرن ۲۰ ظهور کرد و تا اوایل دهه نود شمار زیادی از «برنامههای نژادی سوئدی» از قبیل لوپ تروپ، «برنامههای مهاجران» مانند لاتین کینگز و برنامههای میکس شده همچون اینفینیت مس، هنگام ضبط به منظور استفاده در بازار داخلی، از انگلیسی به نوع رپ در «رینکبی سوئدی» که زبان آمیخته انواع مختلفی از زانها است، تبدیل شد.
مشهورترین هنرمند رپ درایرلنددی جی کولی است و در کنار وی Craz-e، بی- واندر و گروههایی همچون انسان در برابر ماشین قرار دارد. ایرلند همچنین مجله هیپ هاپ خاص خود به نام «رپ ایرلند» را دارد که توسط دی جی احمد اجرا میشود.
مشهورترین هنرمندان رپ هلندآزدراپ پوزه که تمامی کارمندان آن اهل آمستردام هستند، پستمن، از کیپ ورد و سورینام است.
ایتالیا نیز هنرمندان رپ خاص خود، از جمله جووانوتی و آرتیکولو۳۱ را یافت و ملت آن به شهرت و سرشناسی دست یافتند؛ در حالی که صحنه لهستان با روی کار آمدن پی ام کول لی در ابتدای دهه شاهد هنرمندان بود.
در رومانی، بی. یو. جی. مافیا از پنتلیمون بخارست ظهور کرد و نشان آنها؛ یعنی گنگستا رپ، مشابهتهای زندگی در بلوکهای آپارتمانی رومانی دوران کمونیستی را با پروژههای مسکنسازی در محلههای آمریکایی نشان میدهد. گروه نشان خاص خود را برای تولید به نام کاسا دارد و به امضا و پخش آلبومهای هنرمندان به نام رپ از جمله؛ «مهست»، «گراسو اکس اکس ال»، «ام اند جی» و «ویلی» میپردازد. گروه پارازیتی تبدیل به یکی از محبوب ترینها در رومانی تبدیل شدهاست و اشعاری دارد که تمهای اجتماعی، سیاسی و ضد- سانسوری (آنها حتی ممکن است دارای ۲۰ سم ام ثبتی نشان هیپ هاپ باشند، امضا کردن گروه رپ «آنونیم» و «اسپایک» – در ۲۰۰۶ چلو، مهمترین تولیدکننده پارازیتی آلبومی تحت عنوان «فابریکانت دو گانوی» عرضه کرد- سازنده ترش، که حضور میهمانی کیلارمی را نشان میدهد، گروه وو-تانگ کیلا بیز).
همچنین، R.A.C.L.A. (که در اصل رپرهای سفید بهطور قانونی به هشدار فکر میکنند)، اولین گروه رپ بود که یک آلبوم هیپ هاپ رومانیایی عرضه کرد و در آن به موضوعات «اجتماعی» پرداخت. آن گروه هنوز هم وجو دارد و در سال ۲۰۰۵ پانزدهمین آلبوم خود را به نام «مهارت» به عموم عرضه کرد. در سال ۲۰۰۵، گروه رپ انفجار دیگری، زیل، آلبوم اول خود «چی وربال» (با تنها: دپیندی دو نوی «) را منتشر میسازد که با واکنش مثبت مردم مواجه میشود. از آن زمان تاکنون، گروه نشان تولید خود، به نام اسناد چیل برادرز، را داشتهاست و با هنرمند مشهور» راگا- رپ «پاچا من (که به خاطر همکاری موفقیت آمیزش با هنرمندان» رگای آفریقایی «از قبیل مووید و باپی براون و هنرمند هیپ هاپ بریتانیایی» بلک بیشاپ «از» ماب استارز «و» سی-رایم فامیلی کروز «) و شمار دیگری از هنرمندان همچون سابسمناتو (عضو گروه رپ صریح)، مایک پاو (یک هنرمند بسیار برجسته و مستعد موسیقی آر اند بی) و دیگر تولیدکنندگان مشهور قرارداد امضا کردهاست. آنها دومین آلبوم خود را به نام» چیل برادرز” در پاییز ۲۰۰۶ منتشر کردند.
صربیا به لطف وجود گروه رپ سندیکای بلگراد یکی از مشهورترین کشورها در زمینه رپ در اروپا محسوب میشود. آنها در وهله اول نماینده منطقه دورکول خود (گورنجی، دونجی دورکول، سیپکا، (uCAzaKInje)، ماج) و بلگراد، به عنوان یکی از بزرگترین شهرهای اروپایی هستند. گروه :۹ تا ۹۹ عضو «دارد، اما تنها تعداد اندکی از آنها در صحنه حضور پیدا میکنند (فدجا، اسکابو، اوگی، دارکو، دیجولو، دیجولو…). آخرین آلبوم آنهاًSVI ZAJEDNO»، یکی از پرفروشترین آلبومهای سال ۲۰۰۵ بودهاست. پوزدراو زا سیندیکیلس!!! دیگر رپرها مانند ام سی جرتیک (جرا) و دی جولی (آنها گروه فول تریپ هستند) و گرواجس نیگروتین (بد کپی) مارچلو، (گروه رپ) وی آی پی و دیگر گروهها نیز مؤثر هستند.
بوسنی خوانندههای رپ مشهوری همچون ادو ماجکا، فرنکی، اونیور زالنی وجنیکی و… دارد.
ادو ماجکا یکی از مشهورترین خوانندگان رپ بالکان است. او در مورد جنگ بوسنی و نیز وضعیت کنونی بوسنی آهنگهای فراوانی دارد. او مثل خیلیهای دیگر اصالت بوسنیایی و کرواتی دارد. فرنکی یک خواننده رپ میهنپرست است. او عاشق بوسنی بوده و یکی از اعضای دوستداران بوسنی و هرزگوین میباشد. در اواخر دهه نود، با به عرصه آمدن ترم ۱۱ و بولسنا براکا و سایر خوانندگان رپ که بر مسائل اجتماعی تمرکز کرده بودند، موسیقی رپ به محبوبیت فراوانی رسید. در بلغارستان نیز در اواخر دهه نود، گروه “کله لاستیکیهاً (گومنی گلاوی) شکل گرفت که اعضای آن را میشو شامارا، دربن جی، کونسا و چند تن دیگر تشکیل میداد. کشور همسایه یعنی یونان نیز در اوایل دهه نود به کاروان هیپهاپ پیوسته بود. در آن روزها، گروههایی همچون پیش میرویم جریان رایج را تحت سلطه خود داشتند (که با نشان هیپهاپ افسانهای دف جم شناخته میشدند) و در همین حال تسالونین پیشتاز سیفو ورسز در میان اسامی زیرزمینی برتر قرار داشت (جالب توجه اینکه، او یکی از معدود هنرمندان هیپهاپ یونان بود که گستره کارش فراتر از مرزهای یونان رفته بود).
از سال ۲۰۰۰ خوانندگان رپی همچون دیزی رذل، زنجیر زرنما، گرنی مک و همی در بریتانیا پا به عرصه گذاشتند. از دیگر خوانندگان مشهور رپ در بریتانیا میتوان به مالیات مخ و جست اشاره کرد.
در پورتوریکو، ویکو سی به عنوان اولین خواننده رپ اسپانیایی زبان پا به عرصه گذاشت و کارهای ضبط شده او سرآغاز همان چیزی بود که بعدها با نام رگائتون شناخته شد. در سال ۱۹۸۹ وقتی ویکو سی با آلبوم فوق موفق خود یعنی «آخرین قسمت» وارد جدول خوانندههای محبوب شد و شهرتی جهانی بدست آورد، رپ در پورتوریکو به اوج محبوبیت خود رسید.
در طی متنوع شدن جریان رپ در دهه نود، سانتی وای سوس دوندس و لیسا ام مشترکاً آلبومی (به نام «سوی چیکیتو») منتشر کردند که به تولد مرنرپ که تلفیقی از هیپهاپ و مرنگو بود، منجر شد.
در مکزیک، محبوبیت هیپهاپ با موفقیت کالو در اوایل دهه نود آغاز شد. بعدها در طی همین دهه با حضور گروههای رپ لاتینی همچون تپه سرو در جدول گروههای موسیقی آمریکا، گروههای رپراک مکزیکی همچون کنترل ماچته در سرزمین مادری خود به اوج رسیدند.
و بدینترتیب با موفقیت گروههایی همچون تپه سرو، فرهنگ هیپهاپ و رپ در آمریکای جنوبی محبوبیت یافت. گروههایی همچون تیرودیگارسیای شیلیایی که زمانی محبوبیتشان نه تنها در شیلی بلکه در پرو، کلمبیا، مکزیک و پورتوریکو کشیده شده بود، کمکم از دور خارج شدند.
برگزاری یک کنسرت سالانه هیپهاپ در آلمار هاوانا در سال ۱۹۹۵، به محبوب شدن هیپهاپ کوبایی منجر شد. به دلیل حمایت رسمی دولت از موسیقیدانها، محبوبیت هیپهاپ اندک اندک در کوبا افزایش یافت.
در ۲۰ سال اخیر، هیپهاپ در برزیل محبوبیت روزافزونی پیدا کرده و در آنجا به “هیپیهاپی لقب گرفتهاست. پسرها و دخترها، دیجیها، رپیها و نویسندگان مطالب رودیواری، بهطور سنتی در قالب آنچه که به بهطور سنتی به آن دسته میگویند خود را ساماندهی کردهاند. این گروهها همچنین خدمات اجتماعی انجام میدهند و در تلاشند تا با جذب جوانان محلههای خود، آنها را به انجام فعالیتهای هنری و بیداری اجتماعی ترغیب کنند.
در اوایل دهه نود، رقص بریک اولین جنبه از فرهنگ هیپهاپ بود که به آفریقای جنوبی راه یافت، جاییکه در آن دسته صدای سیاه پیش از روی آوردن به رپ در دهه نود فرهنگ هیپهاپ را براه انداخته بود. رپیهای صدای سیاه که کار خود را از ۱۹۸۹ آغاز کرده بودند دولتآپارتایدوقت را به جایی کشاندند که کا آنها را ممنوع کرد و این ممنوعیت تا سال ۱۹۹۳ ادامه یافت. پس از آن آفریقای جنوبی در کلوا که تلفیقی از دیار بود سبک متمایز خود را خلق کرد.
در نقطه دیگری از آفریقا، موسیقی تلفیقی امبالاکس سنگالیها محبوبیت روزافزونی بدست میآورد و در همین حال در تانزانیا، گروههای بونگو فلاوا همانند اکس پلاتساز، هیپهاپ را با تاراب، فیلمی و سایر سبک تلفیق میکردند بدون اینکه کانگولز ماکوما را فراموش کنند.
در اواخر دهه ۸۰، مرز شمالی آمریکا یعنی کانادا به یمن وجود ماسترو فرش وس هنرمند رپی، شاهد رشد محبوبیت هیپهاپ شد. آلبوم بیهمتای او به نام «بگذار ستون فقراتت غلط بخورد» به مدت بیش از یک سال در صدر آهنگهای پرفروش بود. در اوایل دهه نود، هنرمندان بیشتری همچون مکی می و اراذل خود را در عرصه موسیقی شهری رو به رشد کانادا که پیشینه آن را باید در تورنتو و ونکوور جستجو کرد، نشان دادند. اخیراً، خوانندگان رپی همچون چوکلر، سقراطیها، مهتر کلیسا، اتحادیه شکلاتفروشان، هاف«مک سان»راین، جیجاقهای سیاه، سنگ جواهر و کی-اوس نامهایی هستند که از عرصه موسیقی شهری کانادا به خانههای مردم راه یافتهاند، هرچند که این سبکها نتوانستهاند در جریان متداول رایج در مرز جنوبی یعنی آمریکا، به جایگاه قابل توجهی برسند.
درحالیکه هیپهاپ استرالیایی در اصل از نوع آمریکایی آن بسیار فاصله گرفته، از اوایل دهه نود یک سبک محلی متمایز در این کشور شکل گرفتهاست. حمایت ایستگاههای رادیویی [بویژه ایستگاه پرنفوذ رادیو جوان تریپل جی) و تعیین جایزه شهری در جشنواره سالانه جوایز آریا، برخی از رویدادهایی هستند که به خلق چهارمین آلبوم گروه گانگسترهای بالای تپه با نام جاده سخت منجر شد که در سال ۲۰۰۶ در صدر جدول رسمی آلبومهای موسیقی استرالیایی قرار گرفت. این اولین باری است که هیپهاپ استرالیا در عرصه موسیقی مستقل، با چنین اقبالی مواجه میشود. گانگسترهای بالای تپه در سطح ملی یکی از موفقترینها بهشمار میآیند و کارهای آنها توسط آبیس رکوردز که بزرگترین شرکت هیپهاپ مستقل در استرالیا بوده و متعلق بهپگز هنرمند است، توزیع میشود. از دیگر هنرمندان سرشناس هیپهاپ در استرالیا میتوان به گله، دست و پا چلفتیها و تی زد یو اشاره کرد.
اگرچه هیپهاپ استرالیایی در اصل از هیپهاپ آمریکایی ریشه گرفته اما این دو سبک تا حد زیادی از هم فاصله گرفتهاند. هیپهاپ استرالیا اغلب خیلی رک است و به دلیل آنکه بر ترانههایی با مضامین تند سیاسی تمرکز یافته و از موضوعات سطحی پرهیز میکند، از اینکه در نقطه مقابل هیپهاپ آمریکایی قرار گرفته به خود میبالد. یکی از آهنگهای دست و پا چلفتیها (هیپهاپ ساحل غربی آمریکایی) به غرور غربی، آشکارا کنایه میزند، «من بچه طرف دیگر شهرم، اینو تو مخت فرو کن (سمت غربی!) چه فرقی میکنه؟ رپ گانگستری نیست! اگه فکر میکنی جون سختتری ممکنه دلدرد بگیری، ممنون میشم اگه گورتو گم کنی- ذکاوتهای حرفهای کوفتی، شبی یکی بالا بنداز». ماهیت سازمانیافته هیپهاپ استرالیایی و فکری که در پشت ترانهنویسیهای آن نهفتهاست در نهایت آن را در نقطه مقابل همتای آمریکاییاش قرار میدهد.[۶]
بسیاری از ستارههای بزرگ هیپهاپ زلاند نومائوری یا جزیرهنشینان اقیانوس آرام هستند. هنرمندان شاخص هیپهاپ این کشور از دهه ۹۰ عبارتاند ازوحشی، چه فو، نسیان میستیک و کاتب که آلبومها یا آهنگهای همگی آنها در سال ۲۰۰۴ در صدر جدول قرار داشت و برنامههای آنان نیز که توسط بزرگترین تهیهکنندگان این عرصه ساخته شده، جز مشهورترینهاست؛ و رپ وحشی در این کشور متولد شد
چند مجله بزرگ آمریکایی کار خود را به هیپهاپ اختصاص دادهاند که از جمله آنها میتوان به «سورس Source »، «دابل اکس ال XXL» و «وایب Vibe» اشاره کرد. در گذشته، BET برای مدتها تنها تلویزیونی بود که برنامههای هیپهاپ را پخش میکرد، اما در سالهای اخیر کانالهای جاز همچون وی اچ ۱ و ام تی وی بیش از هر ژانر دیگری به پخش برنامههای هیپهاپ پرداختهاند. بسیاری از شهرها بهطور مستقل خبرنامههای هیپهاپ دارند و این در حالیست که در تعدادی از کشورها مجلههای هیپهاپ در سطح تیراژ ملی منتشر میشوند. قرن بیستویکم با ظهور رسانههای آنلاین همراه شدهاست و امروزه سایتهای طرفدار هیپهاپ هر روزه خبرهای دنیای هیپهاپ را بهطور جامع پوشش میدهند.
۲۸۵۱–۹
آراَندبی معاصر (به انگلیسی: Contemporary R&B) سبکی از موسیقی غربی است که از ریتم اند بلوز مشتق شدهاست. این سبک که در دههٔ ۱۹۹۰ میلادی شکل گرفت، ترکیبی از موسیقی سول، فانک و هیپ هاپ را در خود دارد. از افراد معروف و موفق در این عرصه میتوان به مایکل جکسون، جاستین بیبر و ریحانا، و در بین هنرمندان ایرانی به امیر تتلو اشاره کرد.
یهودیت (به عبری: יהדות، Yahadut) دین، فلسفه و سبک زندگی قوم یهود میباشد.[۱] یهودیت، نخستین دین ابراهیمی و نیز به عقیدهٔ بسیاری، نخستین دین سازمان یافتهً یکتاپرست بهشمار میرود.[۲][۳]تورات (که به انضمام نوییم و کتوویم، که مجموعاً تنخ نامیده میشود) کتاب مقدس یهودیت است. یهودیت شامل مجموعه گستردهای از دیدگاههای مذهبی، تشریفات، شاخهها، و متون مذهبی میباشد. امروز اکثر یهودیان پیرو سه شاخه ارتدوکس، لیبرال، و محافظهکار میباشند و اقلیتی هم پیرو بازسازیخواهی، قرائیم و یهودیت اومانیستی هستند؛ از لحاظ دیدگاههای مذهبی این شاخهها بسیار متفاوت هستند. در حالی که یهودیان ارتدوکس باور به وحی تورات از طرف خدا، پیروی سخت از قوانین مذهبی، و ظهور مسیحای موعود دارند، یهودیان لیبرال دارای باور به زندگی مدرن، استقلال شخصی، آزاداندیشی هستند. به باور یهودیان مذهبی، یهودیت، پیمان خدا با بنی اسرائیل است.
یهودیت کانون بیشتر متون و سنتها است و تاریخ، اصول و اخلاق آن بر ادیان ابراهیمی پس از خود از جمله مسیحیت تأثیر بهسزایی گذاشتهاست.[۴][۵] بر طبق قوانین یهودیت، چه نوکیشان (افرادی که به واسطه ازدواج در تعداد بسیار محدود در هر نسل وارد جامعه یهودی شدهاند) و چه افرادی که از مادر و پدری یهودی متولد شدهاند، یهودی خطاب میشوند. گرچه یهودیت یک دین است، ولی یهودیان یک گروه قومی-مذهبی بحساب میآیند. مسئله نژادی و تستهای دیانای فراوان این مسئله را تأیید میکند. دین یهودیت دارای تاریخ پیوستهً سه تا چهار هزار ساله میباشد. یِهود (יְהוּדָה)، واژهای عبری است، به معنای ستوده و همچنین صفتی اکتسابی است که به ساکنین یهودیه، قسمتی از سرزمین اسراییل که سبط یهودا بر آن زندگی میکردند، داده میشود، ولی همچنین برخی معتقدند در گذشته همه بنی اسرائیل را نیز به این نام خواندهاند.[۶] در ایران از عنوان «جهود» و «کلیمی» یعنی پیرو موسی کلیمالله نیز برای نامیدن یهودیان استفاده میشود. به باور یهودیان مذهبی، اصل یهودیت از وعده خدا با ابراهیم، اسحاق، و یعقوب شروع میشود، و رسماً با نزول قوانین تورات به موسی و ورود بنی اسرائیل به سرزمین موعود کامل میشود.
پیروان یهودیت در بسیاری از کشورهای جهان ساکن هستند. جمعیت یهودیان جهان ۱۳٬۷۴۶٬۱۰۰ نفر(۱۷٬۹۳۶٬۴۰۰، شامل افرادی که بر حسب هلاخا یهودی قلم داد نمیشوند)، معادل حدود ۰٫۱۹٪ جمعیت جهان میباشد.[۷] حدود ۶٫۱ میلیون نفر ساکن اسرائیل و ۵٬۲۷۵٬۰۰۰ (۶٫۸ میلیون کل) نفر ساکن ایالات متحده آمریکا و ۱٫۵ میلیون نفر دراروپا، و مابقی دراقیانوسیه، قاره آمریکا و آفریقا ساکنند. یهودیان ایران دارای تاریخ ۲٬۷۰۰ ساله هستند و برحسب آمار ۱۳۹۱، ۸٬۷۵۶ یهودی ساکن ایران هستند.[۸]
فلسفه یهودی از تبیین بنیاسرائیل از سرچشمه جهان هستی و صفات ذاتی و فاعلی خدا به گونهای فلسفی نشأت میگیرد. از اینرو کتاب مقدس عبری که تنخ نامیده میشود، منبعی بنیادی است که فلسفه یهودی بر اساس آن استوار میشود. خاخامها در دوره تنائیم، که در فاصله قرن اول قبل از میلاد تا قرن دوم بعد از میلاد است، و خاخامهای دوره آمورائیم بین قرن دوم و ششم میلادی چنین بینشی را نسبت به خدا و ارتباط آن با کیهان به روشی مشابه ادامه دادند. این اندیشهها، موضوعاتی چون وحدت، علم مطلق، قدرت مطلق، خیرخواهی خدا، اسرائیل و رسالتی که در قبال امتها دارد، مفهوم ماشیح و نجات، هدف و قلمرو شریعت و هلاخا را دربر میگیرد. علاوه بر تلمود، در میشنا و میدراش نیز توجه دانشمندان به بحثهای الهیاتی و فلسفی در چهارچوب تفکر یهودی معطوف شد. علاوه بر این، کابالا و متون عرفانی یهودیت نیز مشتمل بر پژوهشهای نظری پیچیدهای دربارهٔ سیر آفرینش و ذات خداوندی است.
شاید مهمترین محور اندیشهای که از دیدگاه تفکر انسان شناختی در دین یهود وجود داشته باشد و سپس آن را در سایر ادیان الهی نیز مییابیم، تصویر هبوط یعنی سقوط انسان از موقعیت استعلایی و بهشتی خود به زندگی در رنج و سختی بر روی زمین است که در مفهوم «گناه نخستین» مستتر است. ایدئولوژی معادشناختی یهود که از این تصویر ریشه میگیرد بر باور به یک خدای واحد، قهار و قدرتمند استوار است که با ابراهیم پیوند بسته و قانون (تورات) خود را به موسی سپرده و بر یک خط سیر ضروری در رفتار انسانی تأکید میکند که سرانجام به «نجات» به دست یک منجی در پایان عمر جهان خواهد انجامید. «سرنوشت بشری» در این مفهوم سرنوشتی مشترک است که آیندهای مشترک را نیز ایجاب میکند. هر چند این اشتراک همان گونه که خواهیم دید با مفهوم «برگزیدگی» قوم یهود ناخوانایی دارد.
دریک
در دین یهود، انسان تصویری است از خدا و از این رو شناخت انسان در واقع شناخت پروردگار است. در عهد عتیق این امر به خوبی روشن است. در سِفْر پیدایش میخوانیم: «و خدا گفت آدم را به صورت ما و موافق شبیه ما بسازیم». (۱:۲۶)و این انسان خدای گونه است که حاکم بر زمین و موجودات آن شمرده میشود: «تا بر ماهیان دریا و پرندگان آسمان و بهایم و بر تمامی زمین و حشراتی که بر زمین میخزند حکومت نماید، پس خدا آدم را به صورت خود آفرید. او را به صورت خدا آفرید. ایشان را نر و ماده آفرید، و خدا ایشان را برکت داد و خدا به ایشان گفت بارور و تکثیر شوید و زمین را پر سازید و در آن تسلط نمایید و بر ماهیان دریا و پرندگان آسمان و همهٔ حیواناتی که بر زمین میخزند حکومت کنید» (سِفْر آفرینش، ۲۶–۲۸: ۱). در مزامیر نیز میخوانیم: «پس انسان چیست که او را به یادآوری و بنی آدم که از او تفقد نمایی، او را از فرشتگان اندکی کمتر ساختی و تاج جلال و اکرام را بر سر او گذاردی، او را بر کارهای دست خودت مسلط نمودی و همه چیز را زیر پای وی نهادی»(۴–۷: ۸).
یهودیان معتقدند موسی ده فرمان و تورات را از کوه سینا با خود پایین آورد و به جز پنج کتاب (سفر) موجود، تورات محتوای دیگری هم دارد که آن را میشنا یا تورات شفاهی هم مینامند و در آن توضیح میدهد چگونه میتوان قوانین پنج سفر را انجام داد. تفسیری که بر میشنا نوشته شدهاست گمارا نام دارد و این دو کتاب را با هم تلمود مینامند.
یهودیان سنتی معتقدند خداوند تورات مکتوب و شفاهی را به موسی داد و او آنها را با رعایت امانت به یهودیان رسانید و آنچه که امروز در دست ماست هم دقیقاً همان نسخه اولیه است و همه دستورهای آن باید اجرا شود.
یهودیان لیبرال میگویند تورات الهام خداوند است اما انسانها آن را نوشتهاند و دستورهای اخلاقی آن همیشه لازمالاجرا هستند، بر خلاف بسیاری از دستورهای آیینی که امروزه لازم نیست انجام شوند.
در یهودیت به بحث گذاشتن فرمانها و تحقیق دربارهٔ چگونگی اجرای آنها حرکتی مثبت تلقی میشود. تلمود پر است از قصههای کسانی که در این موارد با هم بحث میکردند. لطیفهای در اینباره هست که میگوید «دو یهودی، سه نظر». برخی از این نظرات را همه یهودیان پذیرفتهاند اما برخی دیگر هنوز مورد بحث هستند.
امروزه یهودیت رهبر واحدی ندارد که تصمیم بگیرد فرمانها را چگونه باید اجرا کرد یا به چه چیز باید اعتقاد داشت. یهودیان اعتقادات و نظرات مختلفی دارند.
ده فرمان را همه یهودیان در پای کوه سینا شنیدند. این خاصیت ده فرمان است اما یهودیان در مورد این که که تمام ششصد و سیزده دستور تورات به یک اندازه اهمیت دارد اتفاق نظر ندارند.
یهودیت داگما (اصول عقاید) رسمی ندارد، هیچ مجموعه عقایدی نیست که یک یهودی باید باور داشته باشد؛ در واقع اعمال مهمتر از عقاید هستند. در طول تاریخ علمای یهود سعی به ایجاد اصول دین کردند، معروفترین آنهاموسی بن میمون یک معلم معروف یهودی در قرن دوازدهم میلادی بود که فهرست اعتقادات سیزده گانهٔ یهودیان را چنین تنظیم کرد:
هلاخا (به عبری: הלכה)، به مجموعه قوانین شریعت یهود گفته میشود، قوانینی که از تنخ، تلمود و خاخامها و همچنین آداب و رسوم یهودیان ناشی میگردد.
ده فرمان عبارتند از:
هفت فرمان اخلاقی است که بر اساس تلمود و توسفتا، از سوی خدا به نوح داده شد و تمام آدمیان باید از این دستورها اطاعت کنند. اگر هم جنتیلها (غیریهودیان) به این هفت فرمان پایبند باشند و آنها را رعایت کنند، به رستگاری میرسند.
در نخستین نوشتههای تنخ یهودی، از زندگی پس از مرگ، کیفر و پاداش و بهشت و جهنم سخنی به میان نمیآید. اعتقاد بر این بود که مردگان به سرزمین مردگان که شئول نامیده میشد، میروند. مرگ زودرس، کیفر خدایی دانسته میشد که بدکاران و کافران به آن دچار میشوند،[۹] زندگی طولانی بالاترین خوشبختی بود[۱۰] و زندگی پس از مرگ نامشخص تلقی میشد.[۱۱] ظاهراً به این دلیل که مردم همسایه اسرائیل، به زندگی پس از مرگ به شیوه زندگی در قبر باور داشتند، اسرائیلیان از آنها دوری میجستند. بنیاسرائیل، از دفن کردن اشیاء در گورها پرهیز میکردند؛ زیرا انسان را از خاک میدانستند که به خاک بازمیگردد.[۱۲]
در دورههای بعدی، باور به آخرت در بین یهودیان به وجود آمد.
در کتاب حکمت آمدهاست:
آری، خداوند به راستی انسان را نابود ناشدنی آفریدهاست؛ چنانچه خود نابود ناشدنی است.[۱۳]
در تلمود آمدهاست:
اگر کسی برانگیخته شدن مردگان را نفی کند، در روز رستاخیز بهرهای نخواهد برد.[۱۴]
افراد پرهیزکار میتوانند بعد از مرگ به باغ عدن که همان بهشت نیکوکاران است بروند. آنها در آنجا لذت واقعی را که قابل شرح و توصیف نیست درک خواهند کرد و دوباره با کسانی که دوستشان دارند زندگی میکنند.
افرادی که خیلی بیگناه نبودهاند، بعد از مرگ، ابتدا به محلی به نام گِهینوم میروند. هر کار زشت، یک دیو خلق میکند که همان دیو در گهینوم او را شکنجه میکند، اما هیچیک از یهودیان بیشتر از ۱۲ ماه در گهینوم نمیماند. پس از آن به محل جاودانیاش در باغ عدن میرود.
افراد بسیار گناهکار یا کسانی که یهودی نیستند بعد از آن ۱۲ ماه به باغ عدن نمیروند، بلکه به عقیدهٔ بعضی نابود میشوند و به عقیدهٔ بعضی دیگر، تا ابد به حال پشیمانی زندگی میکنند.
وقتی مسیح میآید تا جهان کامل و نیک را آغاز کند، افراد پرهیزکار دوباره به دنیا برمیگردند تا فرصت تجربهٔ یک جهان پاک را داشته باشند؛ اما افراد بدکار باز نخواهند گشت.[۱۵]
ماشیح یا مسیح کسی است که به اعتقاد یهودیان ظهور خواهد کرد و نجات دهنده آنها خواهد بود. طبق پیشبینی انجیل عهد عتیق وقتی مسیح بیاید به همهٔ رنجها و بیماریها پایان میدهد و دیگر هیچ ملتی علیه ملتِ دیگر شمشیر نخواهد کشید و دیگر کسی فنون جنگی نخواهد آموخت. او خدای بنیاسرائیل را در سراسر جهان معرفی میکند بهطوریکه همهٔ دنیا از نظر خداشناسی یکی میشود. براساس عهد عتیق، مسیح در سرزمین اسرائیل و در زمانی ظهور میکند که اکثر ساکنین این سرزمین، یهودی هستند. مسیح موعود باید از فرزندان داود پادشاه باشد. بعد از موسی افراد زیادی ادعای مسیح بودن کردند.[۱۶]
تیکون عولم اصطلاحی در عرفان یهودی یا کابالا است که اعتقاد دارد وظیفه یهودیان در دنیا تعمیر دنیا است. بر این اساس وقتی نور الهی از بالای درخت زندگی به پایین سرازیر شد باعث شکست ظروفی که این نور در آنها قرار میگرفت شد و تکههای این ظروف در دنیا پخش شدند. از این رو هر چیزی در دنیا دارای این جرقههای الهی است.
میتزووت[تلفظ؟] (به معنی فرمانها یا دستورها)، اعمال مطرح در مذهب یهودیت هستند. میتزوا (مفرد) دستوری است که خدا به مردم میدهد. برخی میتزوا را به عمل صالح یا نیکوکاری ترجمه میکنند. ششصد و سیزده میتزووت در توراه وجود دارد، که یهودیان موظف به انجام دادن آنها هستند. برخی در مورد پرستش خدا، زندگی روزمره داخل هستند و برخی در مواقع خاص صورت میگیرند. بسیاری از این دستورها را الان نمیتوان اجرا نمود چرا که معبد مقدس اورشلیم تخریب شدهاست.
کلمه «یهودیت» از یودایسموس Iudaismus آمده که خود لاتین شده کلمه یونانی یدایسموس Ioudaismos میباشد. این کلمه همچنین منبع کلمه יהודה در زبان عبری میباشد.[۱۷]
۱۳ اصل ایمان:
یهودیت بر خلاف اسلام و مسیحیت تأکید زیادی به مسئله قومیت دارد. از این رو یهودیت ترکیبی از دین و نژاد است. یهودیت ارتودکس معتقد است، شخصی که از مادر یهودی به دنیا آمده، ولو به دین دیگر بگراید، باز هم یهودی است.[۱۸]
به صورت تاریخی، یهودی که مدعی الحاد است، ممکن است عنوان حِرِم(به عبری: חרם) به خود بگیرد، اما اعلام الحاد او موجب از دست دادن عنوان یهودیت از وی نمیشود.[۱۹] برای نمونه مورد باروخ اسپینوزا را ببینید.
بر اساس باورهای یهودیان همچنین آنوسیان (یعنی کسانی که بهرغم میل خود به دین دیگری گرویدهاند) و فرزندان دختری آنان، یهودی حساب میشوند. البته در قرائیم فرزندانی که از پدر یهودی زاده میشوند یهودی به حساب میآیند و تا ۹ نسل ادامه خواهد داشت.
در یهودیت، عنوان خاصی برای کسانی که یهودی هستند، ولی شریعت یهود را رعایت نمیکنند وجود دارد که آنها را مِشومدیم (به عبری: משומדים) مینامند، در بین علمای یهود در مورد نحوه رفتار با آنان، بر اساس قانون شریعت، بحث زیادی وجود دارد، اما در مورد یهودیت آنان اختلاف نظری وجود ندارد.
کسی که ایمان خود به یهودیت را از دست میدهد، همواره میتواند به این آیین بازگردد؛ و در این حالت هیچ احتیاج به مراسمی رسمی یا خاص نیست.
همچنین تعاریف دیگری بر اساس تست دیانای و تشخیص کروموزوم وای هارون(Y-chromosomal Aaron)، وجود دارد؛ که این مطلب تا حدود زیادی اشکالات فراوان دارد زیرا انسانهای روی زمین با یک دیگر از نظر نژادی آمیخته شدهاند و چون نژاد خالصی هم وجود ندارد، پس این مطلب نادرست است.[نیازمند منبع]
گرویدن به یهودیت (به زبان عبری: גיור) اقدامی رسمی از سوی فردی جنتیل است که قصد دارد به عنوان یک عضو کامل یک جمعیت یهودی درآید. یک تغییر دین معمولاً اقدامی مذهبی و ابراز نزدیکی با مردم یهودی و گاهی سرزمین اسرائیل است.[۲۰][۲۱][۲۲]
بر خلاف باور عموم گرویدن به یهودیت ممکن است، گر چه نسبتاً کم اتفاق میافتد. یهودی شدن نسبت به گرویدن به مذاهب ابراهیمی دیگر سختتر، و ممکن است چند سال به طول بکشد.[نیازمند منبع] از آنجا که گرویدن به یهودیت بر غیر بنی اسراییل لازم نیست و نزد یهودیت شرط خداپرستی برای غیر اسراییل کافیست، لذا معمولاً خاخامها ممکن است فرد را از این کار نهی کنند و تنها وقتی که فرد جدیّتِ خود را ثابت کند شخص خاخام دست بکار میشود.[نیازمند منبع]
بنا به حکم حلاخا شرط اول یهودی بودن شجره مادری میباشد، لذا فردی که فقط پدر یهودی داشته باشد باید مانند یک گوییم رسماً مراحل دراز یهودی شدن را دنبال کند، این در حالیست که فردی که حتی مادر مادر مادرش یهودی بوده، مستقیماً یهودی بحساب میآید، حتی اگر چند نسل پیرو دین دیگری بوده باشند، با این وجود یهودی محسوب میشوند و به نیاز به عضویت سخت و رسمی نمیباشند. مذهب ریفورم فردی که فقط پدر یهودی داشته باشد را قبول دارد.[نیازمند منبع]
آنوسیم (به عبری: אנוסים)، در عبری جمع «آنوس» و به معنی «مجبور شدگان» است. در آیین یهودی، کلمهای حقوقی است که به یهودیانی که مجبور به ترک غیر اختیاری آئین یهودیت شدهاند ولی همهٔ تلاش خود را میکنند تا در شرایط اجبار به آیین یهودی خود پایبند باشند، اطلاق میشود. بر اساس فقه یهودی آنوسیان یهودی محسوب میشوند حتی اگر چندین نسل به صورت مخفی زندگی کرده باشند (تا ۹ نسل).[۲۳]
یهودیان بر خلاف ملتهای دیگر در محل خاصی در دنیا زندگی نکردهاند. تنها یهودیان به مدت کمی در زمان معبد اول و دوم دارای کشور مستقلی بودند و از این زمان به بعد در تمامی دنیا در بین ملتهای دیگر به صورت اقلیت زندگی میکردند. امروزه کشورهای ایالات متحده، اسرائیل، کانادا، انگلستان، فرانسه، آرژانتین و آفریقای جنوبی دارای جمعیت یهودی زیادی هستند. بر اساس آمار سال ۲۰۱۳ در تمامی دنیا ۱۳٫۹ میلیون یهودی وجود دارد که اسرائیل و ایالات متحده ۸۰٪ از این تعداد را در خود جای دادهاند.
ملت یهود خود به چند دسته تقسیم میشود که از نظر ظاهری، رنگ، فرهنگ، موقعیت مکانی، آداب و رسوم متفاوت هستند.
دریک
حروف الفبای عِبری در نوشتن خط عبری و نیز برخی نشانههای علمی و ریاضی بکار میرود.
لباس مردان:در کنیساها و جوامع مذهبی کلاهی بنام کیپا، که از جنس مخمل یا ساتن یا کاموایی است، بهسر گذاشته میشود و لباسی سفید و شلواری سیاه میپوشند و برای خواندن نماز شالی بنام تالیت و تفیلین (دو نوار سیاه رنگ که دارای جعبهای از آیات تورا میباشد که یکی بدست و دیگری به روی پیشانی بسته میشود) میبندند. بعضاً رسم است که شال باریکی بنام آتاراه روی تالیت میاندازند. همچنین بندی بنام ضیضیت از روی شلوار آویزان میگردد.
یهودیان معمولاً در هر روز سه نماز میخوانند و در روز شبات و سایر روزهای مقدس فرقههای ارتدکس و محافظه کار یک نماز اضافی هم به نام موساف خوانده میشود. نماز پنجمی هم به نام نئیلا وجود دارد که اکنون تنها در یوم کیپور دهمین روز از ماه تیشری که اوایل پاییز است خوانده میشود. میتوان نماز را فرادی یا به جماعت یا به همراه منیان خواند. مثل نماز اسلامی در یهودیت هم نماز جماعت ارجح است و بخشهایی هم دارد که جز در جماعت اجرا نمیشود.
اکثر مراسم آیینی در یهودیت با ملودی سنتی به نام نیگون به حالت آوازی قرائت میشود. در هر کنیسه، سکویی کم ارتفاع وجود دارد که حزان بر فراز آن این مناجات را رهبری میکند.
برگزار کردن اعیاد در یهودیت ریشه مرکزی ارتباط بشر با خدا و جهان میباشد. اعیاد مذهبی که بیشتر نشانهٔ رویدادهای مذهبی نظیر خروج از مصر و نزول تورا یا ارتباط با طبیعت دارند، این اعیاد شامل:
علاوه بر اعیاد و مناسبتهای قید شده، مناسبتهای زیر نیز توسط بسیاری از یهودیان، بهخصوص در اسرائیل برگزار میشوند.
شبات (در عبری שבת به معنی شنبه) در دین یهودیت به روز تعطیل هفتگی (شنبه) میگویند؛ که به صورت نمادین به معنای هفتمین روز خلقت است.
یکی از ده فرمان حفظ شبات است که با غروب جمعه آغاز میشود و با غروب شنبه به پایان میرسد. شبات روز استراحت برای تشکر از خداوند برای خلق زمین است.
نقاط مهم حیات یک یهودی
به قوانین یهودیان برای غذاها کشروت میگویند
یهودیانی که قانون کشروت را رعایت میکنند غذاهای خاصی میخورند که با ترتیب خاصی تهیه میشود. غذایی که یک یهودی میتواند بخورد کوشر نامیده میشود. یهودیان سنتی در این مورد حساسیت بسیاری به خرج میدهند. یهودیان نمیتوانند در رستورانهای غیر کوشر یا در منزل کسی که کشروت را رعایت نمیکند غذا بخورند. گاهی رعایت این اصل دیدار دوستان یا انجام کار را دشوار میکند.
در تلمود بابلی، ربّی العازر بن صدوق شرحی بر آیهٔ صنیوت از کتاب میکاه نوشت و آن را با مفهومعفت همراه کرد. (رساله سُکّه ۴۹:۳) شرایع یهودیت در واقع مردان و زنان یهودی را به پوشانیدن بدنشان امر کردهاست؛ بر اساس هلاخا بر زنان واجب است که موی سر را بپوشانند[۲۵]؛ بر مردان نیز جایز نبود که سرناپوشیده چهار ذراع راه بروند یا تورات را تلاوت کنند.[۲۶] هر چند پوشش سر مردان بیشتر نمادی از تقوای الهی تلّقی میشد و از قوانین صنیوت دانسته نمیشد. بر اساس تورات، شنیدن صدای آواز زنان عروه یا برهنگی دانسته میشود.[۲۷] اگر زنی صدایش به قدری بلند بود که وقتی در خانهاش سخن میگفت، همسایگان قادر به شنیدن صدایش بودند، مرد حق داشت بدون پرداخت مهریه او را طلاق دهد.[۲۸] بر اساس قانوننگیا، تماس و دست دادن زن و مردی که وابستگی خانوادگی نزدیک ندارند، جایز نیست. بر اساس قانونایحود، زن و مرد بیگانه از خلوت کردن با هم منع شدهاند. در کنیسههای یهودی، زنان و مردان به وسیلهٔ پردهای به نام مهیتزا از هم جدا میشوند. فتاوای یهودی همچنین اختلاط زنان و مردان در رقصیدن را جایز نمیدانند. بر اساس شولحان عاروخ، پوشیدن لباس جنس مخالف و نیز پوشیدن لباس کفّار ممنوع میباشد.[۲۹]
هیکل مقدس (به عبری: בית המקדש הראשון تلفظ: بیت همیقداش) به معنای خانه مقدس و به عربی بیت المَقدِس، یا هیکل سلیمان مجموعهای از معابد مقدس و اماکن مذهبی یهودیان در کوه معبد است که در شهر باستانی اورشلیم قرار دارد. بر باور یهودیان، پرستشگاه اورشلیم، مکان حضور دایمی خدایی است که معبد متعلق به اوست و نیروی الهی او همواره در مکان مقدس پرستشگاه فیضان دارد. معبد اورشلیم اکنون ویران شدهاست. در کتاب مقدس عنوان هیکل برای این بنا به کار رفتهاست. به باور یهودیان، معبد به دستور خدا و توسط سلیمان ساخته شد.
سنهدرین (عبری:סנהדרין به معنی «با هم نشستن» یا «انجمن») دادگاه و شورای عالی یهودیان در زمان گذشته بود که از بیست و سه قاضی از شهرهای اسرائیل، تشکیل میشد. اعضای سنهدرین، ۷۱ تن بودند. سنهدرین بزرگ، در اورشلیم، واقع بود. دادگاه در همه روزها، جز در روزهای عید و روز سبت، برقرار بود. رئیس سنهدرین ناسی و رئیس عدالت آن او بیت دین نامیده میشد. سنهدرین، در زمان تئودوسیوس دوم منحل شد و عنوان ناسی نیز ممنوع گشت. در زمان عمر بن خطاب، تلاشهایی برای احیای سنهدرین در اورشلیم صورت گرفت؛ اما موفقیتآمیز نبود.[۳۰][۳۱]
کنیسا یا کنشت به نیایشگاه و محل اجتماعات دینی یهودیان گفته میشود.
یا میقوه، به استخر یا حمام برای امر غسل گفته میشود.
سوکا (به عبری: סוכה) سایبانی است که با آغاز عید سوکوت، یهودیان در کنار خانه یا بالکن آپارتمان خود برپا میکنند و سقف آن را با شاخههای بزرگ نخل یا درختان دیگر میپوشانند. بر طبق فرامین مذهبی، دیوارهای سایبان میبایست از پارچه، برزنت یا چوب ساخته شود.
یهودیان باورمند، در هفت روز عید سوکوت غذای روزانه خود را در سوکا صرف میکنند و مردان شب را به تنهایی در داخل آن به روز میرسانند. در ایام عید سوکوت، یهودیان به دید و بازدید از یکدیگر میروند و در سوکا از یکدیگر پذیرائی میکنند.[۳۲]
جز سه گروه محافظه کار، اصلاح طلب و ارتدوکس گروههایی با تعداد کمتری هم وجود دارند مثل قرائون. هر گروهی بر اساس فهم خودش از یهودیت اعمال خودش را دارد. برخی از یهودیان بسیاری قوانین را کنار گذاشتهاند. مثلاً اصلاح طلبان یا لیبرالها کشروت یا شبات را رعایت نمیکنند و به جای آن جنبههای اخلاقی یهودیت را مدّ نظر قرار میدهند. یهودیان که دیدند با این اوضاع سُنن یهودی از دست میرود برای حفظ سنن، محافظهکاران را به وجود آوردند. ارتدوکسها این هر دو را مردود میشمرند و تغییراتی را که آنها به وجود آوردهاند از اعتبار ساقط میدانند. نیمی از یهودیان با این وجود عضو یا پیرو هیچکدام از این گروهها نیستند.[نیازمند منبع]
کابالا نامی است که بر تصوف یهودی اطلاق میشود و تلفظ اروپایی قبّالاه عبری است به معنی قدیمی و کهن. این واژه به شکل قباله برای فارسی زبانان و عربها است. بیشتر یهودیان ارتودوکس به آئین کابالا (کابالیسم) اعتقاد دارند. بر اعتقاد هواداران و معتقدین به آئین کابالا، فهمیدن و درک رموز مخفی درآئین کابالا، باعث میشود تا انسان به صورت روحانیواری به خدا نزدیکتر شود و بدین ترتیب بشریت به قدرت والایی از رموز مخفی خدا که برای دیگر انسانها پوشیدهاست، پی میبرد. مهمترین منابع و کتب کابالیستی که به عنوان ستون فقرات و پایه اصلی «آئین کابالا» درآمدند، شامل مجموعه کتب عبری زوهار (به معنای «کتاب روشنایی») و هیچالوت (به معنای «کاخها») میشوند که به قرن اول میلادی بازمیگردند. نهایتاً در قرن سیزدهم میلادی کتاب زوهار نوشته شد که تفکر و شکل کنونی «آئین کابالا» را تشکیل داد.
زیگموند فروید در کتاب موسی و یکتاپرستی، موسی را پیرو آخناتون فرعون یکتاپرست مصری و دین آتون میداند. سپس به علت سست شدن قدرت امپراتوری پس از اخناتون و طرد دین اتون توسط مصریان، موسی این دین را به جای ادامه در مصر به قوم یهود منتقل میکند. یهودیان آن زمان در قلمرو مصر ساکن بودند. موسی همچنین رسم مصری ختنه را به قوم یهود داد.[۳۴]
این دین با ادعای پیامبری موسی از طرف یهوه آغاز شده و به نامهای چون: دین عبری، دین بنیاسرائیل، دین کلیمی و دین یهودی آشنا است. رابرت هیوم در کتاب ادیان زنده جهان میگوید «این واژه نخستین بار در حدود یکصد سال پیش از میلاد مسیح در ادبیات یونانی- یهودی به کار رفتهاست و واژه دیگری که تمام تاریخ این دین را در بر بگیرد، وجود ندارد.»
به اعتقاد یهودیان، موسی از طرف یهوه مأمور دو هدف بود، نخست دعوت بنیاسرائیل به عبادت خدای یکتا یا یهوه و دوم آزادی قوم بنیاسرائیل از اسارت فرعون مصر.
بعد از موسی، یوشع رهبری بنیاسرائیل را برعهده گرفت و بعد از یوشع، پیامبران زیادی با آوردن کتاب مقدس، هدایت قوم بنیاسرائیل را عهدهدار شدند. یهودیان، عهد قدیم را محصول تعالیم انبیاء، خود میدانند، تعالیمی که از موسی (حدود ۱۲۵۰سال قبلاً از میلاد) شروع و به ملاکی (حدود ۱۶۰ قبل از میلاد) ختم میشود.
از عهد قدیم دو نسخه مهم قدیمی موجود و در دسترس است: یکی به زبان اصلی، یعنی عبری و دیگری به زبان یونانی که به ترجمه سبعینیه (با هفتادتنان) معروف است. قدیمیترین نام عبری کتاب مقدس هاسفریم به معنای الکتب میباشد.
پیشینه حضور یهودیان در ایران به ۲۷۰۰ سال پیش بازمیگردد. آنها پس از ویرانی معبدشان توسط بخت النصر فرمانروای قوم آشور، به مناطقی در جنوب عراق فعلی و ایران که زیر سلطه آشوریان درآمده بود کوچانده شدند. از اماکن مذهبی مقدس نزد یهودیان در ایران میتوان به آرامگاه آستر و مُردخای و مزار حجی پیامبر در همدان و پیغمبریه در قزوین و آرامگاه دانیال نبی در شوش و قبرستانی به نام گیلیارد در دماوند و بسیاری دیگر اشاره کرد. ایران پس از اسرائیل و ترکیه دارای بیشترین جمعیت یهودی در خاورمیانه است.
اگر تصمیم بر این باشد که کودکان، متقی پرورش داده شوند آگاهی از ۶۱۳ حکم تورات حیاتی است. این احکام، قوانین آیین یهود هستند که مطابق با سفر خروج، خداوند آنها را به موسی عطا کرد. فرد متقی باید به آرا و تفاسیر این احکام آشنا باشد؛ بنابراین پرهیزگاری و قداست به فرایند یادگیری و آموزش نیاز دارد. باسواد بودن، حداقل برای مردان، امری فراگیر است و به مدرسه رفتن در سنین اولیه شروع میشود. پسران زبان عبری میآموزند و باید کتاب مقدس را مطالعه کنند. سپس زبان آرامی میآموزند که زبان کتاب بزرگ قانون بابلی تلمود متعلق به قرن ۶ است.
امروزه بسیاری از یهودیان به چنین آموزشهای دینی وسیعی مبادرت نمیورزند.[۳۵]
The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638
Aubrey Drake Graham[6] (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur.[7] A prominent figure in popular music, Drake is credited for popularizing the Toronto sound. He first gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001-2007); intent on pursuing a career in music, he left the series after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement. He released two more independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Young Money Entertainment.[8]
Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. He achieved major critical success with Take Care (2011), and commercial success with Nothing Was the Same (2013)[9] and his first commercial mixtape If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late (2015); the later two were certified multi-platinum in the US.[10] Drake’s fourth album Views (2016) sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks, becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade.[11] Marketed as a playlist, Drake’s second solo commercial mixtape More Life (2017) set multiple streaming records.[12] In 2018, he released the double album Scorpion, which produced three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[13] Drake’s third commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) featured the Hot 100 number-one lead single “Toosie Slide”.
As an entrepreneur, Drake founded the OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator 40 in 2012. In 2013, Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise. In 2016, Drake announced his development with American entrepreneur Brent Hocking of the bourbon whiskey Virginia Black; it eventually broke sale records in Canada.[14] He has also designed fashion, the most notable including a sub-label collaboration with Nike, alongside other business ventures. In 2018, Drake was reportedly responsible for 5% (CAD$440 million) of Toronto’s CAD$8.8 billion total annual tourism income.[15]دریک
Among the world’s best-selling music artists, with over 170 million records sold, Drake is ranked as the highest-certified digital singles artist in the United States by the RIAA.[16] He has won four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a record 27 Billboard Music Awards, two Brit Awards and three Juno Awards. Drake also holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most charted songs (209) of any artists ever on the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most continuous time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22). He also has the most number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Songs, and Rhythmic Airplay.
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Dennis Graham, is African American and a practising Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, who worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis.[17][18] His mother, Sandra “Sandi” Graham (née Sher), is a Canadian of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage who worked as an English teacher and florist.[19][20][21][22][23] Dennis Graham performed at Club Bluenote in Toronto, where he met Sandra Sher, who was in attendance.[18] Drake is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada.[24][25][26] In his youth, he attended a Jewish day school, and became a bar mitzvah.[27][28]
Drake’s parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto; his father returned to Memphis, where he was incarcerated for a number of years on drug-related charges.[29] Graham’s limited finances and legal issues caused him to remain in the United States until Drake’s early adulthood. Prior to his arrest, however, Graham would travel to Toronto and bring Drake to Memphis every summer.[30][31][32] His father later collaborated with Canadian music group Arkells on the music video for a song titled “Drake’s Dad”.[33] Graham claimed in an interview that Drake’s assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records,[34] which Drake vehemently denies.[35]
Drake was raised in two Toronto neighbourhoods. He lived on Weston Road in the city’s working-class west end[31] until grade six, playing minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings.[36] He then moved to one of the city’s affluent neighbourhoods, Forest Hill, in 2000.[37][38] When asked about the move, Drake replied, “[We had] a half of a house we could live in. The other people had the top half, we had the bottom half. I lived in the basement, my mom lived on the first floor. It was not big, it was not luxurious. It was what we could afford.”[39]
He attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute, where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts, first acting while an active student at the school.[40] He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city’s multicultural Oakwood–Vaughan neighbourhood. Due to the economic status associated with the neighbourhood, Drake described the school as “not by any means the easiest school to go to.”[31] Drake was often bullied at school for his racial and religious background,[41] and upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career, Drake dropped out of school.[42] He later graduated in October 2012.[43]
At age 15, eager to begin as an actor, a high school friend introduced Drake to his father, an acting agent.[44] The agent found Drake a role on the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation. Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks,[45] a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate. When asked about his early acting career, Drake replied, “My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was [from] Canadian TV.”[31] He appeared in a total of 100 episodes between 2001 and 2008.[46] In 2010, Drake expressed interest in playing Barack Obama in a biopic, to which Obama responded to with approval in an interview in 2020.[47]
After becoming musically inspired by Jay-Z and Clipse, Drake self-released his debut mixtape, Room for Improvement, in 2006. The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco, and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi-1da and Frank Dukes. When asked about the mixtape, Drake described the project as “pretty straightforward, radio friendly, [and] not much content to it.” Room for Improvement was released for sale only and sold roughly 6,000 copies,[45] for which Drake received $304.04 in royalty payments.[49] In 2007, he released his second mixtape Comeback Season. Released from his recently founded October’s Very Own label, it spawned the single “Replacement Girl” featuring Trey Songz. The song made Drake become the first unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video on BET, with “Replacement Girl” featured on their “New Joint of the Day” segment in April 2007.[50] The song also saw Drake sample “Man of the Year” by Brisco, Flo Rida and Lil Wayne, retaining Lil Wayne’s verse, and adjoined his own to the song’s earlier half. This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song, which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston to join his Tha Carter III tour.[51] Throughout the duration of the tour, Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together, including “Ransom”, “Forever”, and a remix to “Brand New”.[51] Despite the collaborations between the duo, Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment.
In 2009, Drake released his third mixtape So Far Gone. It was made available for free download through his OVO blog website, and featured Lil Wayne, Trey Songz, Omarion, Lloyd, and Bun B. It received over 2,000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release, finding mainstream commercial success from the singles “Best I Ever Had” and “Successful”, both gaining Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the former also peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] This prompted the mixtape’s re-release as an EP, featuring only four songs from the original, as well as the additions of the songs “I’m Goin’ In” and “Fear”. It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.[53]
Due to the success of the mixtape,[54] Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels, often reported as “one of the biggest bidding wars ever”.[55] Despite this, Drake was rumoured to have secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment on June 29, 2009.[56] This was later confirmed following a planned lawsuit from Young Money, in conjunction with Drake, against an unauthorized album titled The Girls Love Drake, which was released on iTunes under dubious means.[57][vague]
Drake then joined the rest of the label’s roster on the America’s Most Wanted Tour in July 2009.[58] However, during a performance of “Best I Ever Had” in Camden, New Jersey, Drake fell on stage and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee.[59] He underwent surgery later that year.
Drake planned to release his debut album, Thank Me Later, in late 2008, but the album’s release date was postponed, first to March 2010,[60] and then to May 25, 2010.[61]Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had again been pushed back three weeks for a June 15, 2010 release.[60][62]
On March 9, 2010, Drake released the debut single “Over”,[63] which peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as topping the Rap Songs chart. It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[64] His second single, “Find Your Love”, became an even bigger success. It peaked at number five on the Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[65] The music video for the single was shot in Kingston, Jamaica, and was criticized by Jamaica’s minister of tourism Edmund Bartlett. Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video, saying, “care has to be taken by all, including our creative artists, in [showcasing] images of our destination and people. Gun culture, while not unique to Jamaica, is not enhancing [the island’s image].”[66] The third single and fourth singles, “Miss Me” and “Fancy” respectively,[67] attained moderate commercial success; however, the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.[68] On April 29, it was reportedly announced that Drake had finished Thank Me Later during a show in Kansas City, Missouri.[69]
Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010,[70] debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447,000 copies in its first week.[71] Upon the album’s release, 25,000 fans gathered at New York City’s South Street Seaport for a free concert hosted by Drake and Hanson, which was later cancelled by the police after a near-riot ensued due to overflowing crowds.[72] The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010,[73] and featured Lil Wayne, Kanye West,[74] and Jay Z.[75]
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in the military science fiction video game Gears of War 3. He was scheduled to play the role of Jace Stratton, but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour[76] prevented him from accepting the role.[77] He began the tour on September 20, 2010 in Miami, Florida, performing at 78 shows over four different legs.[78] It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010.[79] Due to the success of the Away from Home Tour, Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010. It would soon become a regular event during the summer, with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle. Drake also had an eco-friendly college tour to support the album, beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois. It concluded in Plymouth, New Hampshire on May 8, and he also performed at The Bamboozle on May 1.[80][81]
Beginning his second effort in fall 2010,[82] Drake announced his intentions to allow Noah “40” Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later, which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others.[83] In November 2010, Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care.[84] In comparison to his debut album, Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album, stating, “I didn’t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record. I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn’t get to sit with the record and say, ‘I should change this verse.’ Once it was done, it was done. That’s why my new album is called Take Care, because I get to take my time this go-round.”[85] Drake sought to expand on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic esthetic of Thank Me Later.[86][87] Primarily a hip hop album, Drake also attempted to incorporate R&B and pop to create a languid, grandiose sound.[88]
In January 2011, Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki’s Arbitrage,[89] before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie to focus on the album. “Dreams Money Can Buy”[90] and “Marvins Room”[86] were released on Drake’s October’s Very Own Blog, on May 20 and June 9, respectively. Acting as promotional singles for Take Care, the former was eventually unincluded on the album’s final track listing, while “Marvins Room” gained Gold certification by the RIAA,[91] as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100,[92] and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart,[93] coupled with extensive play on contemporary urban radio.[94] Drake would soon release the song’s music video on June 28.[95]
“Headlines” was released on August 9 as the lead single for Take Care. It was met with positive critical and commercial response, reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100, as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs, making Drake the artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, with 12.[96] It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada.[97] The music video for the single was released on October 2, and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All-Star Game in January 2012.[98] “Make Me Proud” was released as the album’s second single on October 16.[99] It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album, and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] The song reached number nine the following week, tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist, with 88.[100] “Make Me Proud” soon became Drake’s fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA.[101]
Prior to the album’s release, Drake planned to record a collaborative album with Lil Wayne; however, it was ultimately scrapped due to the success of Watch the Throne.[102][103][104] He also began collaborations with Rick Ross for a mixtape titled Y.O.L.O., but the duo decided against the project in favor of increased concern for their respective studio albums.[105][106]
Take Care was released on November 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[107] John McDonnell of NME dubbed it “an affecting masterpiece” and commended its “delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics.”[108]Pitchfork’s Ryan Dombal found Drake’s “technical abilities” to be improved and stated, “Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up.”[109] Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it “a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West.”[110]Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake’s “moral psychodramas” and stated, “the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.”[111] It also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, and achieved great commercial success, eventually being certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016, with sales for the album marking 2.6 million in the U.S.[112]
The album’s third and fourth singles, “The Motto” and Take Care”, were released on November 29, 2011[91] and February 21, 2012, respectively.[113] Each song was subject to commercial success, while also having large societal impacts, with “The Motto” credited for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States.[114][115] The music video for “Take Care” saw widespread acclaim, with MTV stating, “None of his contemporaries – not even the ever-obtuse Kanye [West] – make videos like this, mostly because no one else can get away with it.”[116] The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Video of the Year.[117] The song was also featured on the channel’s “Pop Songs You Must Hear” list of 2011.[118] “HYFR” was the final single to be released from the album, and became certified Gold.[119][120] It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video in 2012,[28][121] and the channel ranked him number two on their “Hottest MCs in the Game” list.[122]
In promotion of his second album, Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour. It became the most successful hip hop tour of 2012, grossing over $42 million.[123] He then returned to acting, starring in Ice Age: Continental Drift as Ethan.[124]
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour, Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album. Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album’s executive producer, Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx, hoping to include and expand the British producer’s influence over his next album.[125] Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care, departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent previously.[126]
In January 2013, Drake announced that he would release the first single off his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.[127][128] Despite an initial delay, it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event, and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album.[129] The album’s second single, “Hold On, We’re Going Home”, was released in August 2013, becoming the most successful single off the album, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[130] Drake sought inspiration from the 1980s television series Miami Vice during the composition of the song’s music video, incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show en route to winning his second MTV Video Music Award in 2014 for the video.[131][132][133] Drake appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the album’s third single, “Too Much”, alongside featured artist Sampha.[134]
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24, 2013, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 658,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[135] The album debuted atop the charts in Canada, Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. The album also enjoyed generally favourable reviews by contemporary music critics, commending the musical shift in terms of the tone and subject matter, comparing it to the distinct change showcased in Kanye West’s 808s & Heartbreak.[136] The album was also reported to have sold over 1,720,000 copies in the United States, and was further promoted by the “Would You like a Tour?” throughout late 2013 to early 2014.[137] It became the 22nd-most successful tour of the year, grossing an estimated $46 million.[138] Drake then returned to acting in January 2014, hosting Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as the musical guest. His versatility, acting ability and comedic timing were all praised by critics, describing it as what “kept him afloat during the tough and murky SNL waters”.[139][140][141] Drake also performed in Dubai, being one of the only artists ever to perform in the city.[142] In late 2014, Drake announced that he began recording sessions for his fourth studio album.[143]
In 2014, Drake performed in Spanish as a featured artist on the Romeo Santos song “Odio”. He also appeared on a remix of “Tuesday” by ILoveMakonnen, which peaked at number one on Billboard’s Rhythmic chart and number twelve on the “Hot 100”, and released “0 to 100 / The Catch Up” as a non-album single. The latter went double platinum in the United States.
On February 12, 2015, Drake released If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late onto iTunes with no prior announcement. Despite debate on whether it was an album[144] or a mixtape,[145] its commercial stance quantifies it as his fourth retail project with Cash Money Records, a scheme that was rumoured to allow Drake to leave the label.[146][147] However, he eventually remained with Cash Money, and If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late sold over 1 million units in 2015, making Drake the first artist with a platinum project in 2015, as well as his fourth overall.[148]
On July 31, 2015, Drake released four singles: “Back to Back”, “Charged Up”, “Hotline Bling”, and “Right Hand”. On September 20, 2015, Drake released a collaborative mixtape with Future,[149][150] which was recorded in Atlanta in just under a week.[151]
What a Time to Be Alive debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Drake the first hip hop artist to have two projects reach number one in the same year since 2004.[152] It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of over 1 million units.[153] Drake also appeared on the cover of The Fader for their 100th issue.[154]
Drake announced in January 2016 that his fourth studio album would be launched during the spring, releasing the promotional single “Summer Sixteen” later that month. The album was originally titled Views from the 6, but was later shortened to Views.[155] “Summer Sixteen” debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and proved controversial, with Drake comparing his standing in hip hop to more tenured artists. This move divided many contemporary music critics, describing his self-comparison as “goodly brash” or “conventionally disrespectful.”[156][157][158] It was also interpreted as a diss track towards Tory Lanez, who was unhappy at Drake for popularizing the term “The Six” when referencing Toronto.[159][160] Drake also crashed a Bat Mitzvah in New York City on February 20, performing at the event.[161]
Drake soon released the album’s lead singles, “Pop Style” and the dancehall-infused “One Dance”, on April 5. Both debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100;[162] however, the latter proved more commercially successful, with “One Dance” becoming Drake’s first number-one single in Canada and the US as a leading artist.[163][164] The single also became Drake’s first number one single as a lead artist in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number one in Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands.[165][166] During an episode for OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed the album’s release date of April 29, and followed it up with various promotional videos.[167] On October 15, “One Dance” became Spotify’s most-streamed song ever, amassing over 882 million plays as of October 2016[update].[168]
Views was previewed in London before its premiere on Beats 1 a day later. It was released as an Apple Music and iTunes exclusive on April 29 before being made available to various other platforms later that week.[169][170]Views would become Drake’s most commercially successful album, sitting atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks, as well as simultaneously leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 for eight weeks. It also achieved double-platinum status in the U.S., and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release, as well as gaining over half-billion overall streams of the album.[171][172][173] Despite its success, critical opinion towards the album remained much divided, drawing criticism for being overlong and lacking in a cohesive theme, while also claiming Drake was not challenging himself artistically, as opposed to his contemporaries.[174] He later released a short film titled Please Forgive Me, starring frequent collaborators and Swedish twin models Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta.[175] As of 2019[update], Views remains Drake’s best-selling album.
Drake returned to host Saturday Night Live on May 14, serving as the show’s musical guest.[176] Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively.[177] Drake and Future then announced the Summer Sixteen Tour to showcase their collective mixtape, as well as their respective studio albums. This marked Drake’s third co-headlining tour, which began in Austin, Texas on July 20.[178][179][180] On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017,[181] and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.[182] The latter dates of the Summer Sixteen Tour were postponed, however, due to Drake suffering an ankle injury.[183] During the 2016 OVO Festival, Kanye West confirmed that he and Drake had begun working on a collaborative album.[184] Soon after, the music video for “Child’s Play” was released, depicting Drake and Tyra Banks playing a couple encountering relationship issues at the Cheesecake Factory in a reference to one of the song’s lyrics.[185] On September 26, Please Forgive Me was released as an Apple Music exclusive. It ran a total of 25 minutes, and featured music from Views.[186] At the 2016 BET Hip-Hop Awards, Drake received the most nominations, with 10,[187] winning the awards for Album of the Year and Best Hip-Hop Video.[188][189] Drake later announced the Boy Meets World Tour on October 10, with twenty-six dates announced for the course of the tour in Europe.[190] Seven additional dates were added a day later due to overwhelming demand.[191]
Soon after, during an episode of OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed he would be releasing a project titled More Life in December. However, he later pushed the date back to the new year. The project was described as a “playlist of original music”, rather than being classified as a traditional mixtape or solo album.[192] He was later revealed to be Spotify’s most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015.[193] Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony.[194] Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced More Life would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram.[195] Upon release, More Life received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the Billboard 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[196] It also set a streaming record, becoming the highest ever streamed album in 24 hours, with a total of 89.9 million streams on Apple Music alone. The album also garnered 61.3 million streams on Spotify, dethroning Ed Sheeran’s ÷ as the highest opening on the service in a single day.[197] He later won 13 awards at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards in May, which saw him breaking the record for the most wins in a single show.[198]Billboard also reported Drake had been present on the Hot 100 chart for eight consecutive years, and has the most recorded entries by a solo artist.[199]
He then released the single “Signs” on June 24, as well as reuniting with Metro Boomin on a single with Offset.[200][201] The singles marked his first releases since More Life, with “Signs” was initially released as a collaboration between Drake and French fashion house Louis Vuitton, as part of the “Louis Vuitton Men’s Spring-Summer 2018” fashion show.[202] The event also had a playlist exclusively from OVO Sound, curated by label co-founder Oliver El-Khatib.[203] Drake hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and starred in multiple commercials alongside his father in promotion of Virginia Black.[204][205] Drake also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary, honouring the basketball career of Vince Carter, who was the first superstar player to play for the Toronto Raptors since the franchise’s inception in 1995.[206] The documentary also featured NBA players Chris Bosh, Tracy McGrady, Steve Nash, and LeBron James.
After rumours circulated of Drake possibly collaborating with various artists, including rapper Trippie Redd and producer Pi’erre Bourne, for his new studio album, multiple snippets of songs were leaked near the closing end of 2017.[207][208][209] Two songs would later be released as members of a mini EP, titled Scary Hours, on January 20, 2018, marking Drake’s first solo release since More Life, as well as his first appearance on any song after featuring on a remix of the Jay-Z song “Family Feud” with Lil Wayne, as the lead single of the latter’s Dedication 6: Reloaded mixtape.[210]Scary Hours featured the songs “Diplomatic Immunity” and “God’s Plan”, which both debuted within the top-ten, with the latter eventually breaking various streaming records as it debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[211][212][213] The song was Drake’s first song as a solo artist to reach number one, as well as his second chart topper as a lead artist.
دریک
Drake earned his 70th top 40 entry after featuring on the Migos song “Walk It Talk It”, which debuted at number eighteen, and peaked at number ten.[214] He was later featured on BlocBoy JB’s debut single “Look Alive”, which was released on February 9, 2018.[215] The song’s entry at number six on the Hot 100 made Drake the rapper with the most top 10 hits on the Hot 100, with 23.[216] He then featured on a remix to “Lemon”, a song originally released as a collaboration between band N.E.R.D and Rihanna. On April 5, Drake announced he was finishing his fifth studio album and he was releasing a single later that night.[217] On April 6, “Nice for What” was released, alongside a music video directed by Karena Evans, which featured several female celebrities.[218][219]
After “Nice For What” replaced his own “God’s Plan” on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, making him the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace their former number-one debut, Drake announced the title of his fifth studio album as Scorpion, with a planned release date of June 29, 2018.[220][221] He then released “I’m Upset” on May 26 as the album’s third single.[222]Scorpion was then released as a double-album, and marked Drake’s longest project, with a run-time of just under 90 minutes. The album broke both the one-day global records on Spotify and Apple Music, as it gained 132.45 million and 170 million plays on each streaming service, respectively.[223] It eventually sold 749,000 album equivalent units in its first week of sales, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[224][225] In 2018, articles by The Guardian and Rolling Stone called him “the definitive pop star of his generation” and “perhaps [the] biggest post-Justin Timberlake male pop star of the new millennium”, respectively.[226][227]
Shortly thereafter, Drake collaborated with British hip hop promotion Link Up TV on July 7, releasing a freestyle as a part of the promotion’s ‘Behind Barz’ segment,[228] before releasing another freestyle a week later after featuring on Charlie Sloth’s long-running Fire in the Booth program on BBC Radio 1Xtra.[229] Drake then earned his sixth number-one hit with “In My Feelings” on July 21,[230] which also spawned the viral “#InMyFeelingsChallenge” or “#KiKiChallenge”.[231][232][233] The success of “In My Feelings” also made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers.[234] Soon after, he released the music video for “Nonstop”, which was filmed in London during his surprise performance at the Wireless Festival.[235]
He then appeared on the Travis Scott album Astroworld, featuring uncredited vocals for his song “Sicko Mode”, which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[236] Drake announced in July 2018 that he planned to “take 6 months to a year” to himself to return to television and films, producing the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[237] He then began the Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour with co-headliners Migos on August 12. This preceded a collaboration with Bad Bunny titled “Mia”, which featured Drake performing in Spanish.[238] He subsequently received the award for Hot Ticket Performer at the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 16. During a performance in Edmonton on November 7, Drake announced his intention to begin composing his next project in early 2019.[239]
In February 2019, he received his fourth Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, for “God’s Plan”, at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.[240] During his speech, producers abruptly cut to a commercial break, leading viewers to speculate they were censoring his speech during which he criticized The Recording Academy.[241] A legal representative for the Academy then released a statement stating “a natural pause [led] the producers [to] assume that he was done and cut to commercial,” and added the organization offered him an opportunity to return to stage, but he declined.[242]
On February 14, Drake re-released his third mixtape, So Far Gone, onto streaming services for the first time to commemorate its 10-year anniversary,[243] and later collaborated with Summer Walker on a remix of Walker’s song “Girls Need Love”, marking his first release of 2019.[244] On April 10, during a performance on the Assassination Vacation Tour, he announced he was working on a new album.[245] On June 8, Drake appeared on Chris Brown’s single “No Guidance”.[246] On June 15, Drake released two songs, “Omertà” and “Money in the Grave”, on his EP The Best in the World Pack to celebrate the NBA Championship win of the Toronto Raptors.[247] On August 2, he released the compilation album Care Package, consisting of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming;[248] it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[249]
Drake released the song “War” on December 24, 2019 with an accompanying music video. The song was noted for its UK drill-inspired instrumental.[250][251][252] The following day, in an interview with Rap Radar, it was revealed that he was in the process of completing his sixth studio album.[253] On January 10, 2020, Drake collaborated with Future on the song “Life Is Good”, which appeared on the album High Off Life.[254] On January 31, the pair again collaborated on the song “Desires”, although it was released for free after being leaked.[255] On February 29, Drake released the songs “When to Say When” and “Chicago Freestyle” with a combined music video.[256] On April 3, Drake released “Toosie Slide” with a music video. The song and music video feature a dance, which was created with the help of social media influencer Toosie.[257] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Drake the first male artist to have three songs debut at number one.[258]
On May 1, 2020, Drake released the commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes, with guest appearances by Chris Brown, Future, Young Thug, Playboi Carti, Fivio Foreign, and Sosa Geek.[259] He also announced that his sixth studio album will be released in the summer of 2020.[260] The mixtape is a compilation of new songs and tracks that leaked on the internet.[261] It received mixed reviews and debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with 223,000 album-equivalent units,[262] and at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning 20,000 units in its first week.[263]
On July 17, 2020, Drake was featured on DJ Khaled’s two singles, “Greece” and “Popstar”,[264] debuting at numbers eight and three on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, becoming Drake’s record-extending 24th and 25th debuts in the Hot 100’s top 10. It also became his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries, breaking Madonna’s record for most Hot 100 top ten hits.[265] On July 20, Drake and British rapper Headie One released the drill track “Only You Freestyle”, making it the third drill-inspired song released by Drake in 2020, following “War” and “Demons”, both of which appear on Dark Lane Demo Tapes.[266] On August 14, Drake released “Laugh Now Cry Later” featuring Lil Durk, the lead single from his upcoming album Certified Lover Boy.[267] On September 3, the video for “Popstar” was released, in which Drake makes a cameo appearance.[268] On October 2, Drake was the solo guest feature, on “Outta Time”, from Bryson Tiller’s album Anniversary (2020).[269] He subsequently appeared on the remix to “You’re Mines Still”, alongside Yung Bleu on October 16;[270] just over a week later, on his 34th birthday, Drake announced Certified Lover Boy is set to be released in January 2021.[271][272]
On December 1, he reunited with Lil Wayne on “B.B. King Freestyle”, the lead single from the latter’s double-disc mixtape No Ceilings 3 (2020).[273]
Drake has cited several hip hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Kanye West,[274]Jay Z,[275]MF DOOM,[276] and Lil Wayne,[277] while also attributing various R&B artists as influential to the incorporation of the genre into his own music, including Aaliyah[278] and Usher.[279] Drake has also credited several dancehall artists for later influencing his Caribbean-inflected style, including Vybz Kartel, whom he has called one of his “biggest inspirations”.[280][281]
While Drake’s earlier music primarily spanned hip hop and R&B, his music has delved into pop and trap in recent years.[282] Additionally, his music has drawn influence from regional scenes, including Jamaican dancehall[281] and UK drill.[252] Drake is known for his egotistical lyrics, technical ability, and integration of personal backstory when dealing with relationships with women.[283] His vocal abilities have been lauded for an audible contrast between typical hip-hop beats and melody, with sometimes abrasive rapping coupled with softer accents, delivered on technical lyricism.[284] His songs often include audible changes in lyrical pronunciation in parallel with his upbringing in Toronto, and connections with Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries which include such phrases as “ting”, “touching road”, “talkin’ boasy” and “gwanin’ wassy”.[284] Most of his songs contain R&B and Canadian hip hop elements, and he combines rapping with singing.[285] He credits his father with the introduction of singing into his rap mixtapes, which have become a staple in his musical repertoire. His incorporation of melody into technically complex lyrics was supported by Lil Wayne, and has subsequently been a critically acclaimed component to Drake’s singles and albums.[286]
The lyrical content that Drake deploys is typically considered to be emotional[287] or boastful.[288] However, Drake is often revered for incorporating “degrading” themes of money, drug use, and women into newer, idealized contexts, often achieving this through his augmentation of the typical meaning of phrases in which he combines an objective and subjective perspective into one vocal delivery. His songs often maintain tension between “pause and pace, tone timbre, and volume and vocal fermata.”[289] Drake is credited with innovating what has been referred to as “hyper-reality rap”, which is characterized by its focus on themes of celebrity as being distinct from the “real world.”[290]
A prominent figure in pop culture,[291] Drake is widely credited for popularizing the Toronto sound to the music industry and leading the “Canadian Invasion” of the American charts.[292][293][294][295][296]The Washington Post editor Maura Judkis credits Drake for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States with his single “The Motto”, which includes, “You only live once: that’s the motto, nigga, YOLO.”[297] Drake later popularized the term “The Six” in 2015 in relation to his hometown Toronto, subsequently becoming a point of reference to the city.[298] Furthermore, the subject matter of his artistry often revolving around relationships have had widespread impact on social media through photo captions commonly used to reference emotions or personal situations.[299] However, his lyrical contents have had a negative reception from fans and critics deeming him as sensitive, a trait that is understood as being antithetical to hip hop culture.[300] June 10 was declared “Drake Day” in Houston, Texas.[301][302][303] In 2016, Drake visited Drake University after a show in Des Moines in response to an extensive social media campaign by students that began in 2009, advocating for his appearance.[304][305] In 2016, Drake spoke on the shooting of Alton Sterling, publishing an open letter expressing his concern for the safety of ethnic minorities against police brutality in the United States.[306]
The music video for “Hotline Bling” went viral due to Drake’s eccentric choices in dancing.[307] The video has been remixed, memed, and was heavily commented on due to Drake’s unconventional nature on the song,[308] causing it to gain popularity on YouTube, spawning several parodies.[309] Drake has also been critiqued for his expensive, product placement-heavy attire, exampled by the video for “Hotline Bling”. Drake modelled a $1,500 Moncler Puffer Jacket, a $400 Acne Studios turtleneck, and limited edition Timberland 6″ Classic Boots.[310][311] Moreover, his style and dress sense have caused GQ magazine to describe him as “[one of] the most stylish men alive”.[312]
Drake is the highest-certified digital singles artist ever in the United States, having moved 142 million units based on combined sales and on-demand streams.[16][313] His highest-certified single is “God’s Plan” (11× Platinum), and two of his singles, “God’s Plan” and “Hotline Bling”, have been certified 8× Platinum.[314] He holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most number of charted songs (209) of any artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100,[315][316] the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22).[317] He also has the most number-one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts.[318][319]
As of 2019[update], Drake has won four Grammy Awards from 42 nominations.[320] He has also won 2 MTV Video Music Awards, and has been ranked by Complex on their “Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979” list, awarding Drake the accolade in 2011, 2012, and 2015.[321]Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated “Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014”, adding “the best rapper in 2014 didn’t need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance”.[322] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[323] third on the same chart in 2016[324] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[325] In 2017, he surpassed Adele’s record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[198]
Pitchfork ranked Nothing Was the Same as the 41st best album of the decade “so far”—between 2010 and 2014,[326] and ranked him fifth in the publication’s list of the “Top 10 Music Artists” since 2010.[327][328]
On May 31, 2009, Drake was robbed at gunpoint in Toronto’s Little Italy district and was forced to forfeit a gold and diamond necklace, an Audemars Piguet watch, and $2,000. Two men, Soccerties Cotterell and Paul Lelutiu, were initially charged with armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, three counts of pointing a firearm and possession of stolen property; these charges were later dropped. The men pleaded guilty only to conspiracy to commit robbery, and spent six months in jail.[329]
In 2012, singer Ericka Lee filed a lawsuit against Drake for the usage of her voice on “Marvins Room”. Claiming to have provided the female vocals, Lee also alleged she was owed songwriting credits and royalties.[330] Despite Drake’s legal team countering by claiming that Lee simply requested a credit in the liner notes of the album, the matter was resolved in February 2013, with both parties agreeing to an out-of-court settlement.[331] In 2014, Drake was sued for $300,000 for sampling “Jimmy Smith Rap”, a 1982 single by jazz musician Jimmy Smith. The suit was filed by Smith’s estate, who said Drake never asked for permission when sampling it for the intro on “Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2”, claiming Smith himself would have disagreed as he disliked hip hop.[332][333] Drake would win the lawsuit in 2017, with federal judge William Pauley ruling the content used was transformative, and there was no liability for copyright infringement.[334] Also in 2014, it emerged that Drake was sued by rapper Rappin’ 4-Tay, claiming Drake misused his lyrics when collaborating with YG on the song “Who Do You Love?”. He sought $100,000 for mistreatment and artistic theft, which Drake paid to the rapper later that year.[335] In 2016, Drake caused a nightclub in Oklahoma City to close down, due to his usage of marijuana and other illegal drugs being prevalent at the club.[336]
In 2017, Drake was embroiled in another lawsuit, being sued by producer Detail (Noel Fisher) over an alleged assault in 2014. Fisher claimed Drake’s bodyguard, Nessel “Chubbs” Beezer, punched him in the face and allegedly broke his jaw over musical and financial disputes. Fisher also said the injuries caused him to be hospitalized for days and had to undergo several surgeries, following which he sued for damages related to medical bills and physical and emotional suffering.[337] The case, which was set to undergo trial in May 2018, was dismissed by Superior Court Judge Elaine Lu after Fisher failed to show up for a final status conference. Lu ruled that Beezer solely acted in self-defense.[338]
Drake and Chris Brown were allegedly involved in a physical altercation in June 2012 when Drake and his entourage threw glass bottles at Brown in a SoHo nightclub in Manhattan, New York City. Chris Brown tweeted about the incident and released a song criticizing Drake weeks later.[339][340][341] Despite no response from Drake, he and Brown both appeared in a comedic skit for the 2014 ESPY Awards, and rehearsed the skit together prior to the televised airing, virtually ending the dispute.[342]
In December 2014, Drake was involved in another altercation, being punched by Diddy outside the LIV nightclub in Miami, Florida. The altercation was reported to be over Drake’s usage of the instrumental for “0 to 100 / The Catch Up”, allegedly produced by Boi-1da for Diddy, before Drake appropriated the track for his own use. Drake was later rushed to the ER after aggravating an old arm injury during the dispute.[343] Drake was also involved in a feud with Tyga, stemming from Tyga’s negative comments about him during an interview with Vibe magazine.[344] Drake would later respond on “6 God” and “6PM in New York”, which has been interpreted as directly involved in Tyga’s abrupt removal from Young Money Entertainment.[345]
Further controversy arose in July 2015 when it was alleged by Meek Mill that Drake had used ghostwriters during recording sessions for “RICO”, one of the lead singles off Mill’s second studio album. This proceeded further allegations that Drake did not help in promotion of the album, due to Mill discovering the ghostwriter, widely believed to be Quentin Miller.[346] Despite Miller collaborating with Drake and receiving past credits, Mill assured that Miller had written Drake’s verse for “R.I.C.O.” Soon after, Funkmaster Flex aired reference tracks in support of Mill’s claims, notably for “R.I.C.O.”, “10 Bands”, and “Know Yourself”. This prompted Drake to respond with two diss tracks, titled “Charged Up”[347] and “Back to Back”,[348] in the space of four days. Mill would later respond with “Wanna Know”,[349] before removing it from SoundCloud weeks later.[350] Despite subliminal disses[351][352][353] from either artist,[354] the feud has not been officially reignited. Drake would further seek to denounce Funkmaster Flex during his Madison Square Garden shows on the Summer Sixteen Tour.[355][356] Following Meek Mill’s sentencing of two to four years for probation violation, Drake stated “Free Meek Mill” at a concert in Australia, and ended their rivalry on “Family Feud”.[357]Pusha T would also use the same rationale to criticize Drake on “Infrared” in 2018,[358] prompting Drake to respond with the “Duppy Freestyle” diss track on May 25.[359] Pusha T would directly respond to the track through “The Story of Adidon” on May 29, which presented several claims, including an accusation of Drake fathering a secret child.[360] The pair are considered to have been in a rivalry since 2012, with Drake yet to respond to “The Story of Adidon”.[361]
In 2016, Drake was embroiled in a feud with Joe Budden, stemming from Budden’s derogatory comments when reviewing Views. Drake would allegedly respond to Budden through “4PM in Calabasas”, prompting Budden to respond with two diss tracks in the space of five days, echoing the same sentiment Drake deployed during his feud with Meek Mill. Drake would later appear on “No Shopping” alongside French Montana, directly referencing Budden throughout the song. However, French Montana claimed that Drake’s verse was recorded before the release of Budden’s diss tracks. Despite Budden releasing two further songs in reference to Drake,[362] he has yet to officially respond to Budden.[363] In the same year, Drake mocked Kid Cudi for his mental health, drug use and suicidal urges on “Two Birds, One Stone” after Cudi launched an expletive-filled rant on the artist on Twitter.[364] Cudi later checked into a rehabilitation facility following the release of the song, and continued to disparage Drake in further tweets.[365]
In mid-2018, Drake was embroiled in a feud with long-time collaborator Kanye West.[366] In an appearance on the talk show The Shop in October, Drake recounted several business meetings with West, who voiced his desire to “be Quincy Jones” and work with him, to replicate the producer-artist relationship between Jones and Michael Jackson.[367] West requested Drake play and inform him of upcoming releases, which was agreed to as Drake “felt a genuine vibe” from West, and after West gifted him the beat to “Lift Yourself”, which inspired Drake to begin writing to the instrumental.[368] West then requested Drake to travel to Wyoming to continue working, and arrived a day after close friend 40. 40 said West was working on an album, contradictory to his previous aim of just wanting to “give [Drake] beats”. Drake responded by saying West stated he would release in late 2018, and they should continue on.[369] However, upon his arrival in Wyoming, Drake “[spent] the majority of time working on [West’s] music”, only exploring his own after playing the producer the song “March 14”, which addresses Drake’s relationship with his newborn son and co-parent.[370] This prompted a conversation with West regarding his personal issues, after which, news of his son would be exposed by Pusha T.[371] West would also release “Lift Yourself” and produce “Infrared”, actions that greatly displeased Drake. This prompted him to denounce West in several songs and live performances.[372][373] West would retaliate in a series of tweets in late 2018.[374]
Drake has also been involved in feuds with DMX, Kendrick Lamar,[375]Common,[376]The Weeknd,[377]XXXTentacion, Jay-Z, Tory Lanez,[378] and Ludacris,[379] although the latter five have been reported to be resolved.[380][381][382]
Prior to venturing into business, Drake garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably gaining one with Sprite following his mention of drinking purple drank, a concoction that contains Sprite as a key ingredient.[383][384] In the aftermath of his highly publicized feud with Meek Mill, Drake was also endorsed by fast food restaurants Burger King and Whataburger.[385] Business magazine Forbes commented his endorsement deals and business partnerships “combined heavily” for Drake’s reported pre-tax earnings at $94 million between June 2016 to June 2017, being one of the highest-paid celebrities during that period.[386]
During the composition of Nothing Was the Same, Drake started his own record label in late 2012 with producer Noah “40” Shebib and business partner Oliver El-Khatib. Drake sought for an avenue to release his own music, as well helping in the nurturing of other artists, while Shebib and El-Khatib yearned to start a label with a distinct sound, prompting the trio to team up to form OVO Sound.[387] The name is an abbreviation derived from the October’s Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects. The label is currently distributed by Warner Bros. Records.
Drake, 40, and PartyNextDoor were the label’s inaugural artists. The label houses artists including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, OB O’Brien, Roy Woods, dvsn, Plaza, and Kash Doll,[388] as well as producers including 40, Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie, Nineteen85, and Future the Prince. OVO Sound has released six albums, with two certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
On September 30, 2013, at a press conference with Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke,[389] Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise, in conjunction with the announcement of the 2016 NBA All-Star Game being awarded to the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.[390][391][392] This was also the setting where Drake was given The Key to the City.[393] In the role, it was announced that Drake would help to promote and serve as a host of festivities, beginning with the All-Star Game. He would also provide consulting services to rebrand the team, helping to redesign its image and clothing line in commemoration of the franchise’s 20th anniversary.[389][394][395][396] He began by hosting an annual “Drake Night” segment with the organization, which began in 2013.[397]
Following the launch of Apple Music, a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc., the company announced Drake as the figurehead for the platform at their Worldwide Developers Conference in 2015, with the artist also penning an exclusivity deal with the service worth a reported $19 million.[398] This saw all future solo releases by Drake becoming available first on Apple Music, before seeing roll out to other streaming services and music retailers.[399] Drake had also developed the OVO Sound Radio station on Beats 1, which is utilized as the primary avenue for debuting singles and projects, with the station overseeing over 300 million unique users when it debuted More Life.[400] Drake’s partnership with Apple Music has largely been credited for the platform’s sharp success, as it attained 10 million subscribers after six months, as well as giving birth to exclusivity from artists, with many independent and signed artists, such as Frank Ocean and The Weeknd, also brokering exclusivity deals with streaming services.[401] Through signing with the company, Drake was one of the artists, alongside Pharrell and Katy Perry, to exclusively own an Apple Watch before the smartwatch saw public release.[402]
In 2017, Drake and Adel “Future” Nur co-founded the production company DreamCrew, which functions both as a management company and entertainment group. The company has produced the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[403] Their debut film as producers was with LeBron James and a production company, Uninterrupted, on the sports documentary The Carter Effect, detailing the impact of Vince Carter in Canada.[404]
In 2018, Drake purchased an ownership stake in the gaming organization 100 Thieves, joining as a co-founder and co-owner. The investment was partly funded by music executive Scooter Braun and Quicken Loans chairman Dan Gilbert. Since the investment, the stake is estimated to be worth $125 million.[405][406][407]
Two months prior to the release of Views, Drake announced the development of Virginia Black, a bourbon-based whiskey.[408] This would be his second foray into selling foodstuffs, previously partnering with celebrity chef Susur Lee to open Fring’s Restaurant in Toronto.[409] The beverage was created and also distributed alongside Proximo Spirits, as well as with Brent Hocking, a spirits producer who founded DeLeón Tequila in 2008.[410] The company described the partnership as “fruitful [as they] share a passion for style, music, and the pursuit of taste [on] a quest to redefine whiskey.”[411]
The product was launched in June 2016, and contained two, three and four-year old Bourbon whiskies. The company sold over 4,000 bottles in the first week domestically.[412] The brand was also promoted and marketed through Drake’s music and various tours, such as being part of the “Virginia Black VIP Lounge” additional package available for purchase during the Summer Sixteen Tour. Virginia Black shipped a further 30,000 units when rollout was extended to select international markets in late 2016.[413] The company later aired commercials with Drake’s father, Dennis Graham, which featured the tagline of “The Realest Dude Ever” (in reference toward “The Most Interesting Man in the World” tagline employed by Dos Equis) after extending the sale of the drink to Europe in 2017.[205]
In December 2013, Drake announced he was signing with Nike and Air Jordan, saying “growing up, I’m sure we all idolized Michael Jordan. I [am] officially inducted into the Team Jordan family.”[414] Drake also released his own collection of Air Jordans, dubbed the “Air Jordan OVOs”.[415] This foresaw collaborations between OVO and Canada Goose,[416] in which various items of clothing were produced.[417] In 2020, A Bathing Ape announced a collaboration with Drake, releasing an OVO x BAPE collection of clothing,[418] while he also partnered with candle manufacturer Revolve to create a line of self-scented candles.[419]
In December 2020, Drake announced a sub-label with Nike called Nocta. In a press release, Drake said “I always felt like there was an opportunity for Nike to embrace an entertainer the same way [as] athletes,” he wrote, “to be associated with the highest level possible was always my goal.”[420] The apparel line is named after Drake’s “nocturnal creative process”, in which Nike described as a “collection for the collective”, and noted by GQ as “fashion-forward, minimal-inspired sportswear”.[421] After the first collection sold out, another will be released in February 2021, which will introduce t-shirts, adjustable caps, a utility vest, and a lightweight jacket.[422]
Drake lives in Toronto, Ontario, in a 35,000-square-foot, $100 million estate nicknamed “The Embassy”,[423][424][425] which was built from the ground-up in 2017,[426][427] and is seen in the video to his song “Toosie Slide”. He also has a home in Hidden Hills, California, which he has owned since 2012.[428][429] Additionally, he owns a Toronto condo adjacent to the CN Tower[430] and a Boeing 767 airplane.[431][432]
Drake’s paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges.[433][434] Graham achieved both critical and commercial success as a member of the band Sly and the Family Stone,[435] while Hodges featured as the lead guitarist and songwriter for Al Green, and contributed heavily on most of his work in the 1970s, including the hits “Take Me to the River”, “Love and Happiness”, and “Here I Am (Come and Take Me)”.[436][437]
Drake dated singer Rihanna on-and-off from 2009 to 2016.[438] He has mentioned the relationship in every one of his studio albums,[439] and when presenting Rihanna with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016, he said “she’s a woman I’ve been in love with since I was 22 years old.”[440] On his former relationship with her, he said on the talk show The Shop:
As life takes shape and teaches you your own lessons, I end up in this situation where I don’t have the fairy tale, like, ‘Oh, Drake started a family with Rihanna and this is like so perfect.’ It looks so good on paper. By the way, I wanted that too at one time.[441]
Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017[442][443] to French painter[444] and former model[443][445][446] Sophie Brussaux.[447] Brussaux’s pregnancy was the subject of several rumours after featuring in a TMZ article in early 2017.[445] After the nature of the pair’s relationship was discussed in Pusha T’s “The Story of Adidon”, Drake confirmed his fatherhood on the album Scorpion in 2018, citing a desire for his child’s privacy.[446][448]
Studio albums
Aubrey Drake Graham[6] (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur.[7] A prominent figure in popular music, Drake is credited for popularizing the Toronto sound. He first gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001-2007); intent on pursuing a career in music, he left the series after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement. He released two more independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Young Money Entertainment.[8]
Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. He achieved major critical success with Take Care (2011), and commercial success with Nothing Was the Same (2013)[9] and his first commercial mixtape If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late (2015); the later two were certified multi-platinum in the US.[10] Drake’s fourth album Views (2016) sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks, becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade.[11] Marketed as a playlist, Drake’s second solo commercial mixtape More Life (2017) set multiple streaming records.[12] In 2018, he released the double album Scorpion, which produced three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[13] Drake’s third commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) featured the Hot 100 number-one lead single “Toosie Slide”.
As an entrepreneur, Drake founded the OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator 40 in 2012. In 2013, Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise. In 2016, Drake announced his development with American entrepreneur Brent Hocking of the bourbon whiskey Virginia Black; it eventually broke sale records in Canada.[14] He has also designed fashion, the most notable including a sub-label collaboration with Nike, alongside other business ventures. In 2018, Drake was reportedly responsible for 5% (CAD$440 million) of Toronto’s CAD$8.8 billion total annual tourism income.[15]دریک
Among the world’s best-selling music artists, with over 170 million records sold, Drake is ranked as the highest-certified digital singles artist in the United States by the RIAA.[16] He has won four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a record 27 Billboard Music Awards, two Brit Awards and three Juno Awards. Drake also holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most charted songs (209) of any artists ever on the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most continuous time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22). He also has the most number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Songs, and Rhythmic Airplay.
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Dennis Graham, is African American and a practising Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, who worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis.[17][18] His mother, Sandra “Sandi” Graham (née Sher), is a Canadian of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage who worked as an English teacher and florist.[19][20][21][22][23] Dennis Graham performed at Club Bluenote in Toronto, where he met Sandra Sher, who was in attendance.[18] Drake is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada.[24][25][26] In his youth, he attended a Jewish day school, and became a bar mitzvah.[27][28]
Drake’s parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto; his father returned to Memphis, where he was incarcerated for a number of years on drug-related charges.[29] Graham’s limited finances and legal issues caused him to remain in the United States until Drake’s early adulthood. Prior to his arrest, however, Graham would travel to Toronto and bring Drake to Memphis every summer.[30][31][32] His father later collaborated with Canadian music group Arkells on the music video for a song titled “Drake’s Dad”.[33] Graham claimed in an interview that Drake’s assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records,[34] which Drake vehemently denies.[35]
Drake was raised in two Toronto neighbourhoods. He lived on Weston Road in the city’s working-class west end[31] until grade six, playing minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings.[36] He then moved to one of the city’s affluent neighbourhoods, Forest Hill, in 2000.[37][38] When asked about the move, Drake replied, “[We had] a half of a house we could live in. The other people had the top half, we had the bottom half. I lived in the basement, my mom lived on the first floor. It was not big, it was not luxurious. It was what we could afford.”[39]
He attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute, where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts, first acting while an active student at the school.[40] He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city’s multicultural Oakwood–Vaughan neighbourhood. Due to the economic status associated with the neighbourhood, Drake described the school as “not by any means the easiest school to go to.”[31] Drake was often bullied at school for his racial and religious background,[41] and upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career, Drake dropped out of school.[42] He later graduated in October 2012.[43]
At age 15, eager to begin as an actor, a high school friend introduced Drake to his father, an acting agent.[44] The agent found Drake a role on the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation. Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks,[45] a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate. When asked about his early acting career, Drake replied, “My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was [from] Canadian TV.”[31] He appeared in a total of 100 episodes between 2001 and 2008.[46] In 2010, Drake expressed interest in playing Barack Obama in a biopic, to which Obama responded to with approval in an interview in 2020.[47]
After becoming musically inspired by Jay-Z and Clipse, Drake self-released his debut mixtape, Room for Improvement, in 2006. The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco, and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi-1da and Frank Dukes. When asked about the mixtape, Drake described the project as “pretty straightforward, radio friendly, [and] not much content to it.” Room for Improvement was released for sale only and sold roughly 6,000 copies,[45] for which Drake received $304.04 in royalty payments.[49] In 2007, he released his second mixtape Comeback Season. Released from his recently founded October’s Very Own label, it spawned the single “Replacement Girl” featuring Trey Songz. The song made Drake become the first unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video on BET, with “Replacement Girl” featured on their “New Joint of the Day” segment in April 2007.[50] The song also saw Drake sample “Man of the Year” by Brisco, Flo Rida and Lil Wayne, retaining Lil Wayne’s verse, and adjoined his own to the song’s earlier half. This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song, which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston to join his Tha Carter III tour.[51] Throughout the duration of the tour, Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together, including “Ransom”, “Forever”, and a remix to “Brand New”.[51] Despite the collaborations between the duo, Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment.
In 2009, Drake released his third mixtape So Far Gone. It was made available for free download through his OVO blog website, and featured Lil Wayne, Trey Songz, Omarion, Lloyd, and Bun B. It received over 2,000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release, finding mainstream commercial success from the singles “Best I Ever Had” and “Successful”, both gaining Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the former also peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] This prompted the mixtape’s re-release as an EP, featuring only four songs from the original, as well as the additions of the songs “I’m Goin’ In” and “Fear”. It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.[53]
Due to the success of the mixtape,[54] Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels, often reported as “one of the biggest bidding wars ever”.[55] Despite this, Drake was rumoured to have secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment on June 29, 2009.[56] This was later confirmed following a planned lawsuit from Young Money, in conjunction with Drake, against an unauthorized album titled The Girls Love Drake, which was released on iTunes under dubious means.[57][vague]
Drake then joined the rest of the label’s roster on the America’s Most Wanted Tour in July 2009.[58] However, during a performance of “Best I Ever Had” in Camden, New Jersey, Drake fell on stage and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee.[59] He underwent surgery later that year.
Drake planned to release his debut album, Thank Me Later, in late 2008, but the album’s release date was postponed, first to March 2010,[60] and then to May 25, 2010.[61]Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had again been pushed back three weeks for a June 15, 2010 release.[60][62]
On March 9, 2010, Drake released the debut single “Over”,[63] which peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as topping the Rap Songs chart. It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[64] His second single, “Find Your Love”, became an even bigger success. It peaked at number five on the Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[65] The music video for the single was shot in Kingston, Jamaica, and was criticized by Jamaica’s minister of tourism Edmund Bartlett. Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video, saying, “care has to be taken by all, including our creative artists, in [showcasing] images of our destination and people. Gun culture, while not unique to Jamaica, is not enhancing [the island’s image].”[66] The third single and fourth singles, “Miss Me” and “Fancy” respectively,[67] attained moderate commercial success; however, the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.[68] On April 29, it was reportedly announced that Drake had finished Thank Me Later during a show in Kansas City, Missouri.[69]
Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010,[70] debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447,000 copies in its first week.[71] Upon the album’s release, 25,000 fans gathered at New York City’s South Street Seaport for a free concert hosted by Drake and Hanson, which was later cancelled by the police after a near-riot ensued due to overflowing crowds.[72] The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010,[73] and featured Lil Wayne, Kanye West,[74] and Jay Z.[75]
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in the military science fiction video game Gears of War 3. He was scheduled to play the role of Jace Stratton, but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour[76] prevented him from accepting the role.[77] He began the tour on September 20, 2010 in Miami, Florida, performing at 78 shows over four different legs.[78] It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010.[79] Due to the success of the Away from Home Tour, Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010. It would soon become a regular event during the summer, with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle. Drake also had an eco-friendly college tour to support the album, beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois. It concluded in Plymouth, New Hampshire on May 8, and he also performed at The Bamboozle on May 1.[80][81]
Beginning his second effort in fall 2010,[82] Drake announced his intentions to allow Noah “40” Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later, which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others.[83] In November 2010, Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care.[84] In comparison to his debut album, Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album, stating, “I didn’t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record. I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn’t get to sit with the record and say, ‘I should change this verse.’ Once it was done, it was done. That’s why my new album is called Take Care, because I get to take my time this go-round.”[85] Drake sought to expand on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic esthetic of Thank Me Later.[86][87] Primarily a hip hop album, Drake also attempted to incorporate R&B and pop to create a languid, grandiose sound.[88]
In January 2011, Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki’s Arbitrage,[89] before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie to focus on the album. “Dreams Money Can Buy”[90] and “Marvins Room”[86] were released on Drake’s October’s Very Own Blog, on May 20 and June 9, respectively. Acting as promotional singles for Take Care, the former was eventually unincluded on the album’s final track listing, while “Marvins Room” gained Gold certification by the RIAA,[91] as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100,[92] and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart,[93] coupled with extensive play on contemporary urban radio.[94] Drake would soon release the song’s music video on June 28.[95]
“Headlines” was released on August 9 as the lead single for Take Care. It was met with positive critical and commercial response, reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100, as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs, making Drake the artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, with 12.[96] It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada.[97] The music video for the single was released on October 2, and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All-Star Game in January 2012.[98] “Make Me Proud” was released as the album’s second single on October 16.[99] It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album, and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] The song reached number nine the following week, tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist, with 88.[100] “Make Me Proud” soon became Drake’s fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA.[101]
Prior to the album’s release, Drake planned to record a collaborative album with Lil Wayne; however, it was ultimately scrapped due to the success of Watch the Throne.[102][103][104] He also began collaborations with Rick Ross for a mixtape titled Y.O.L.O., but the duo decided against the project in favor of increased concern for their respective studio albums.[105][106]
Take Care was released on November 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[107] John McDonnell of NME dubbed it “an affecting masterpiece” and commended its “delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics.”[108]Pitchfork’s Ryan Dombal found Drake’s “technical abilities” to be improved and stated, “Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up.”[109] Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it “a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West.”[110]Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake’s “moral psychodramas” and stated, “the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.”[111] It also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, and achieved great commercial success, eventually being certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016, with sales for the album marking 2.6 million in the U.S.[112]
The album’s third and fourth singles, “The Motto” and Take Care”, were released on November 29, 2011[91] and February 21, 2012, respectively.[113] Each song was subject to commercial success, while also having large societal impacts, with “The Motto” credited for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States.[114][115] The music video for “Take Care” saw widespread acclaim, with MTV stating, “None of his contemporaries – not even the ever-obtuse Kanye [West] – make videos like this, mostly because no one else can get away with it.”[116] The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Video of the Year.[117] The song was also featured on the channel’s “Pop Songs You Must Hear” list of 2011.[118] “HYFR” was the final single to be released from the album, and became certified Gold.[119][120] It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video in 2012,[28][121] and the channel ranked him number two on their “Hottest MCs in the Game” list.[122]
In promotion of his second album, Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour. It became the most successful hip hop tour of 2012, grossing over $42 million.[123] He then returned to acting, starring in Ice Age: Continental Drift as Ethan.[124]
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour, Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album. Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album’s executive producer, Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx, hoping to include and expand the British producer’s influence over his next album.[125] Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care, departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent previously.[126]
In January 2013, Drake announced that he would release the first single off his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.[127][128] Despite an initial delay, it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event, and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album.[129] The album’s second single, “Hold On, We’re Going Home”, was released in August 2013, becoming the most successful single off the album, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[130] Drake sought inspiration from the 1980s television series Miami Vice during the composition of the song’s music video, incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show en route to winning his second MTV Video Music Award in 2014 for the video.[131][132][133] Drake appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the album’s third single, “Too Much”, alongside featured artist Sampha.[134]
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24, 2013, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 658,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[135] The album debuted atop the charts in Canada, Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. The album also enjoyed generally favourable reviews by contemporary music critics, commending the musical shift in terms of the tone and subject matter, comparing it to the distinct change showcased in Kanye West’s 808s & Heartbreak.[136] The album was also reported to have sold over 1,720,000 copies in the United States, and was further promoted by the “Would You like a Tour?” throughout late 2013 to early 2014.[137] It became the 22nd-most successful tour of the year, grossing an estimated $46 million.[138] Drake then returned to acting in January 2014, hosting Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as the musical guest. His versatility, acting ability and comedic timing were all praised by critics, describing it as what “kept him afloat during the tough and murky SNL waters”.[139][140][141] Drake also performed in Dubai, being one of the only artists ever to perform in the city.[142] In late 2014, Drake announced that he began recording sessions for his fourth studio album.[143]
In 2014, Drake performed in Spanish as a featured artist on the Romeo Santos song “Odio”. He also appeared on a remix of “Tuesday” by ILoveMakonnen, which peaked at number one on Billboard’s Rhythmic chart and number twelve on the “Hot 100”, and released “0 to 100 / The Catch Up” as a non-album single. The latter went double platinum in the United States.
On February 12, 2015, Drake released If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late onto iTunes with no prior announcement. Despite debate on whether it was an album[144] or a mixtape,[145] its commercial stance quantifies it as his fourth retail project with Cash Money Records, a scheme that was rumoured to allow Drake to leave the label.[146][147] However, he eventually remained with Cash Money, and If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late sold over 1 million units in 2015, making Drake the first artist with a platinum project in 2015, as well as his fourth overall.[148]
On July 31, 2015, Drake released four singles: “Back to Back”, “Charged Up”, “Hotline Bling”, and “Right Hand”. On September 20, 2015, Drake released a collaborative mixtape with Future,[149][150] which was recorded in Atlanta in just under a week.[151]
What a Time to Be Alive debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Drake the first hip hop artist to have two projects reach number one in the same year since 2004.[152] It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of over 1 million units.[153] Drake also appeared on the cover of The Fader for their 100th issue.[154]
Drake announced in January 2016 that his fourth studio album would be launched during the spring, releasing the promotional single “Summer Sixteen” later that month. The album was originally titled Views from the 6, but was later shortened to Views.[155] “Summer Sixteen” debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and proved controversial, with Drake comparing his standing in hip hop to more tenured artists. This move divided many contemporary music critics, describing his self-comparison as “goodly brash” or “conventionally disrespectful.”[156][157][158] It was also interpreted as a diss track towards Tory Lanez, who was unhappy at Drake for popularizing the term “The Six” when referencing Toronto.[159][160] Drake also crashed a Bat Mitzvah in New York City on February 20, performing at the event.[161]
Drake soon released the album’s lead singles, “Pop Style” and the dancehall-infused “One Dance”, on April 5. Both debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100;[162] however, the latter proved more commercially successful, with “One Dance” becoming Drake’s first number-one single in Canada and the US as a leading artist.[163][164] The single also became Drake’s first number one single as a lead artist in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number one in Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands.[165][166] During an episode for OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed the album’s release date of April 29, and followed it up with various promotional videos.[167] On October 15, “One Dance” became Spotify’s most-streamed song ever, amassing over 882 million plays as of October 2016[update].[168]
Views was previewed in London before its premiere on Beats 1 a day later. It was released as an Apple Music and iTunes exclusive on April 29 before being made available to various other platforms later that week.[169][170]Views would become Drake’s most commercially successful album, sitting atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks, as well as simultaneously leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 for eight weeks. It also achieved double-platinum status in the U.S., and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release, as well as gaining over half-billion overall streams of the album.[171][172][173] Despite its success, critical opinion towards the album remained much divided, drawing criticism for being overlong and lacking in a cohesive theme, while also claiming Drake was not challenging himself artistically, as opposed to his contemporaries.[174] He later released a short film titled Please Forgive Me, starring frequent collaborators and Swedish twin models Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta.[175] As of 2019[update], Views remains Drake’s best-selling album.
Drake returned to host Saturday Night Live on May 14, serving as the show’s musical guest.[176] Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively.[177] Drake and Future then announced the Summer Sixteen Tour to showcase their collective mixtape, as well as their respective studio albums. This marked Drake’s third co-headlining tour, which began in Austin, Texas on July 20.[178][179][180] On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017,[181] and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.[182] The latter dates of the Summer Sixteen Tour were postponed, however, due to Drake suffering an ankle injury.[183] During the 2016 OVO Festival, Kanye West confirmed that he and Drake had begun working on a collaborative album.[184] Soon after, the music video for “Child’s Play” was released, depicting Drake and Tyra Banks playing a couple encountering relationship issues at the Cheesecake Factory in a reference to one of the song’s lyrics.[185] On September 26, Please Forgive Me was released as an Apple Music exclusive. It ran a total of 25 minutes, and featured music from Views.[186] At the 2016 BET Hip-Hop Awards, Drake received the most nominations, with 10,[187] winning the awards for Album of the Year and Best Hip-Hop Video.[188][189] Drake later announced the Boy Meets World Tour on October 10, with twenty-six dates announced for the course of the tour in Europe.[190] Seven additional dates were added a day later due to overwhelming demand.[191]
Soon after, during an episode of OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed he would be releasing a project titled More Life in December. However, he later pushed the date back to the new year. The project was described as a “playlist of original music”, rather than being classified as a traditional mixtape or solo album.[192] He was later revealed to be Spotify’s most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015.[193] Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony.[194] Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced More Life would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram.[195] Upon release, More Life received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the Billboard 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[196] It also set a streaming record, becoming the highest ever streamed album in 24 hours, with a total of 89.9 million streams on Apple Music alone. The album also garnered 61.3 million streams on Spotify, dethroning Ed Sheeran’s ÷ as the highest opening on the service in a single day.[197] He later won 13 awards at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards in May, which saw him breaking the record for the most wins in a single show.[198]Billboard also reported Drake had been present on the Hot 100 chart for eight consecutive years, and has the most recorded entries by a solo artist.[199]
He then released the single “Signs” on June 24, as well as reuniting with Metro Boomin on a single with Offset.[200][201] The singles marked his first releases since More Life, with “Signs” was initially released as a collaboration between Drake and French fashion house Louis Vuitton, as part of the “Louis Vuitton Men’s Spring-Summer 2018” fashion show.[202] The event also had a playlist exclusively from OVO Sound, curated by label co-founder Oliver El-Khatib.[203] Drake hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and starred in multiple commercials alongside his father in promotion of Virginia Black.[204][205] Drake also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary, honouring the basketball career of Vince Carter, who was the first superstar player to play for the Toronto Raptors since the franchise’s inception in 1995.[206] The documentary also featured NBA players Chris Bosh, Tracy McGrady, Steve Nash, and LeBron James.
After rumours circulated of Drake possibly collaborating with various artists, including rapper Trippie Redd and producer Pi’erre Bourne, for his new studio album, multiple snippets of songs were leaked near the closing end of 2017.[207][208][209] Two songs would later be released as members of a mini EP, titled Scary Hours, on January 20, 2018, marking Drake’s first solo release since More Life, as well as his first appearance on any song after featuring on a remix of the Jay-Z song “Family Feud” with Lil Wayne, as the lead single of the latter’s Dedication 6: Reloaded mixtape.[210]Scary Hours featured the songs “Diplomatic Immunity” and “God’s Plan”, which both debuted within the top-ten, with the latter eventually breaking various streaming records as it debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[211][212][213] The song was Drake’s first song as a solo artist to reach number one, as well as his second chart topper as a lead artist.
دریک
Drake earned his 70th top 40 entry after featuring on the Migos song “Walk It Talk It”, which debuted at number eighteen, and peaked at number ten.[214] He was later featured on BlocBoy JB’s debut single “Look Alive”, which was released on February 9, 2018.[215] The song’s entry at number six on the Hot 100 made Drake the rapper with the most top 10 hits on the Hot 100, with 23.[216] He then featured on a remix to “Lemon”, a song originally released as a collaboration between band N.E.R.D and Rihanna. On April 5, Drake announced he was finishing his fifth studio album and he was releasing a single later that night.[217] On April 6, “Nice for What” was released, alongside a music video directed by Karena Evans, which featured several female celebrities.[218][219]
After “Nice For What” replaced his own “God’s Plan” on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, making him the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace their former number-one debut, Drake announced the title of his fifth studio album as Scorpion, with a planned release date of June 29, 2018.[220][221] He then released “I’m Upset” on May 26 as the album’s third single.[222]Scorpion was then released as a double-album, and marked Drake’s longest project, with a run-time of just under 90 minutes. The album broke both the one-day global records on Spotify and Apple Music, as it gained 132.45 million and 170 million plays on each streaming service, respectively.[223] It eventually sold 749,000 album equivalent units in its first week of sales, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[224][225] In 2018, articles by The Guardian and Rolling Stone called him “the definitive pop star of his generation” and “perhaps [the] biggest post-Justin Timberlake male pop star of the new millennium”, respectively.[226][227]
Shortly thereafter, Drake collaborated with British hip hop promotion Link Up TV on July 7, releasing a freestyle as a part of the promotion’s ‘Behind Barz’ segment,[228] before releasing another freestyle a week later after featuring on Charlie Sloth’s long-running Fire in the Booth program on BBC Radio 1Xtra.[229] Drake then earned his sixth number-one hit with “In My Feelings” on July 21,[230] which also spawned the viral “#InMyFeelingsChallenge” or “#KiKiChallenge”.[231][232][233] The success of “In My Feelings” also made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers.[234] Soon after, he released the music video for “Nonstop”, which was filmed in London during his surprise performance at the Wireless Festival.[235]
He then appeared on the Travis Scott album Astroworld, featuring uncredited vocals for his song “Sicko Mode”, which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[236] Drake announced in July 2018 that he planned to “take 6 months to a year” to himself to return to television and films, producing the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[237] He then began the Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour with co-headliners Migos on August 12. This preceded a collaboration with Bad Bunny titled “Mia”, which featured Drake performing in Spanish.[238] He subsequently received the award for Hot Ticket Performer at the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 16. During a performance in Edmonton on November 7, Drake announced his intention to begin composing his next project in early 2019.[239]
In February 2019, he received his fourth Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, for “God’s Plan”, at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.[240] During his speech, producers abruptly cut to a commercial break, leading viewers to speculate they were censoring his speech during which he criticized The Recording Academy.[241] A legal representative for the Academy then released a statement stating “a natural pause [led] the producers [to] assume that he was done and cut to commercial,” and added the organization offered him an opportunity to return to stage, but he declined.[242]
On February 14, Drake re-released his third mixtape, So Far Gone, onto streaming services for the first time to commemorate its 10-year anniversary,[243] and later collaborated with Summer Walker on a remix of Walker’s song “Girls Need Love”, marking his first release of 2019.[244] On April 10, during a performance on the Assassination Vacation Tour, he announced he was working on a new album.[245] On June 8, Drake appeared on Chris Brown’s single “No Guidance”.[246] On June 15, Drake released two songs, “Omertà” and “Money in the Grave”, on his EP The Best in the World Pack to celebrate the NBA Championship win of the Toronto Raptors.[247] On August 2, he released the compilation album Care Package, consisting of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming;[248] it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[249]
Drake released the song “War” on December 24, 2019 with an accompanying music video. The song was noted for its UK drill-inspired instrumental.[250][251][252] The following day, in an interview with Rap Radar, it was revealed that he was in the process of completing his sixth studio album.[253] On January 10, 2020, Drake collaborated with Future on the song “Life Is Good”, which appeared on the album High Off Life.[254] On January 31, the pair again collaborated on the song “Desires”, although it was released for free after being leaked.[255] On February 29, Drake released the songs “When to Say When” and “Chicago Freestyle” with a combined music video.[256] On April 3, Drake released “Toosie Slide” with a music video. The song and music video feature a dance, which was created with the help of social media influencer Toosie.[257] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Drake the first male artist to have three songs debut at number one.[258]
On May 1, 2020, Drake released the commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes, with guest appearances by Chris Brown, Future, Young Thug, Playboi Carti, Fivio Foreign, and Sosa Geek.[259] He also announced that his sixth studio album will be released in the summer of 2020.[260] The mixtape is a compilation of new songs and tracks that leaked on the internet.[261] It received mixed reviews and debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with 223,000 album-equivalent units,[262] and at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning 20,000 units in its first week.[263]
On July 17, 2020, Drake was featured on DJ Khaled’s two singles, “Greece” and “Popstar”,[264] debuting at numbers eight and three on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, becoming Drake’s record-extending 24th and 25th debuts in the Hot 100’s top 10. It also became his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries, breaking Madonna’s record for most Hot 100 top ten hits.[265] On July 20, Drake and British rapper Headie One released the drill track “Only You Freestyle”, making it the third drill-inspired song released by Drake in 2020, following “War” and “Demons”, both of which appear on Dark Lane Demo Tapes.[266] On August 14, Drake released “Laugh Now Cry Later” featuring Lil Durk, the lead single from his upcoming album Certified Lover Boy.[267] On September 3, the video for “Popstar” was released, in which Drake makes a cameo appearance.[268] On October 2, Drake was the solo guest feature, on “Outta Time”, from Bryson Tiller’s album Anniversary (2020).[269] He subsequently appeared on the remix to “You’re Mines Still”, alongside Yung Bleu on October 16;[270] just over a week later, on his 34th birthday, Drake announced Certified Lover Boy is set to be released in January 2021.[271][272]
On December 1, he reunited with Lil Wayne on “B.B. King Freestyle”, the lead single from the latter’s double-disc mixtape No Ceilings 3 (2020).[273]
Drake has cited several hip hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Kanye West,[274]Jay Z,[275]MF DOOM,[276] and Lil Wayne,[277] while also attributing various R&B artists as influential to the incorporation of the genre into his own music, including Aaliyah[278] and Usher.[279] Drake has also credited several dancehall artists for later influencing his Caribbean-inflected style, including Vybz Kartel, whom he has called one of his “biggest inspirations”.[280][281]
While Drake’s earlier music primarily spanned hip hop and R&B, his music has delved into pop and trap in recent years.[282] Additionally, his music has drawn influence from regional scenes, including Jamaican dancehall[281] and UK drill.[252] Drake is known for his egotistical lyrics, technical ability, and integration of personal backstory when dealing with relationships with women.[283] His vocal abilities have been lauded for an audible contrast between typical hip-hop beats and melody, with sometimes abrasive rapping coupled with softer accents, delivered on technical lyricism.[284] His songs often include audible changes in lyrical pronunciation in parallel with his upbringing in Toronto, and connections with Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries which include such phrases as “ting”, “touching road”, “talkin’ boasy” and “gwanin’ wassy”.[284] Most of his songs contain R&B and Canadian hip hop elements, and he combines rapping with singing.[285] He credits his father with the introduction of singing into his rap mixtapes, which have become a staple in his musical repertoire. His incorporation of melody into technically complex lyrics was supported by Lil Wayne, and has subsequently been a critically acclaimed component to Drake’s singles and albums.[286]
The lyrical content that Drake deploys is typically considered to be emotional[287] or boastful.[288] However, Drake is often revered for incorporating “degrading” themes of money, drug use, and women into newer, idealized contexts, often achieving this through his augmentation of the typical meaning of phrases in which he combines an objective and subjective perspective into one vocal delivery. His songs often maintain tension between “pause and pace, tone timbre, and volume and vocal fermata.”[289] Drake is credited with innovating what has been referred to as “hyper-reality rap”, which is characterized by its focus on themes of celebrity as being distinct from the “real world.”[290]
A prominent figure in pop culture,[291] Drake is widely credited for popularizing the Toronto sound to the music industry and leading the “Canadian Invasion” of the American charts.[292][293][294][295][296]The Washington Post editor Maura Judkis credits Drake for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States with his single “The Motto”, which includes, “You only live once: that’s the motto, nigga, YOLO.”[297] Drake later popularized the term “The Six” in 2015 in relation to his hometown Toronto, subsequently becoming a point of reference to the city.[298] Furthermore, the subject matter of his artistry often revolving around relationships have had widespread impact on social media through photo captions commonly used to reference emotions or personal situations.[299] However, his lyrical contents have had a negative reception from fans and critics deeming him as sensitive, a trait that is understood as being antithetical to hip hop culture.[300] June 10 was declared “Drake Day” in Houston, Texas.[301][302][303] In 2016, Drake visited Drake University after a show in Des Moines in response to an extensive social media campaign by students that began in 2009, advocating for his appearance.[304][305] In 2016, Drake spoke on the shooting of Alton Sterling, publishing an open letter expressing his concern for the safety of ethnic minorities against police brutality in the United States.[306]
The music video for “Hotline Bling” went viral due to Drake’s eccentric choices in dancing.[307] The video has been remixed, memed, and was heavily commented on due to Drake’s unconventional nature on the song,[308] causing it to gain popularity on YouTube, spawning several parodies.[309] Drake has also been critiqued for his expensive, product placement-heavy attire, exampled by the video for “Hotline Bling”. Drake modelled a $1,500 Moncler Puffer Jacket, a $400 Acne Studios turtleneck, and limited edition Timberland 6″ Classic Boots.[310][311] Moreover, his style and dress sense have caused GQ magazine to describe him as “[one of] the most stylish men alive”.[312]
Drake is the highest-certified digital singles artist ever in the United States, having moved 142 million units based on combined sales and on-demand streams.[16][313] His highest-certified single is “God’s Plan” (11× Platinum), and two of his singles, “God’s Plan” and “Hotline Bling”, have been certified 8× Platinum.[314] He holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most number of charted songs (209) of any artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100,[315][316] the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22).[317] He also has the most number-one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts.[318][319]
As of 2019[update], Drake has won four Grammy Awards from 42 nominations.[320] He has also won 2 MTV Video Music Awards, and has been ranked by Complex on their “Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979” list, awarding Drake the accolade in 2011, 2012, and 2015.[321]Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated “Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014”, adding “the best rapper in 2014 didn’t need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance”.[322] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[323] third on the same chart in 2016[324] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[325] In 2017, he surpassed Adele’s record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[198]
Pitchfork ranked Nothing Was the Same as the 41st best album of the decade “so far”—between 2010 and 2014,[326] and ranked him fifth in the publication’s list of the “Top 10 Music Artists” since 2010.[327][328]
On May 31, 2009, Drake was robbed at gunpoint in Toronto’s Little Italy district and was forced to forfeit a gold and diamond necklace, an Audemars Piguet watch, and $2,000. Two men, Soccerties Cotterell and Paul Lelutiu, were initially charged with armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, three counts of pointing a firearm and possession of stolen property; these charges were later dropped. The men pleaded guilty only to conspiracy to commit robbery, and spent six months in jail.[329]
In 2012, singer Ericka Lee filed a lawsuit against Drake for the usage of her voice on “Marvins Room”. Claiming to have provided the female vocals, Lee also alleged she was owed songwriting credits and royalties.[330] Despite Drake’s legal team countering by claiming that Lee simply requested a credit in the liner notes of the album, the matter was resolved in February 2013, with both parties agreeing to an out-of-court settlement.[331] In 2014, Drake was sued for $300,000 for sampling “Jimmy Smith Rap”, a 1982 single by jazz musician Jimmy Smith. The suit was filed by Smith’s estate, who said Drake never asked for permission when sampling it for the intro on “Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2”, claiming Smith himself would have disagreed as he disliked hip hop.[332][333] Drake would win the lawsuit in 2017, with federal judge William Pauley ruling the content used was transformative, and there was no liability for copyright infringement.[334] Also in 2014, it emerged that Drake was sued by rapper Rappin’ 4-Tay, claiming Drake misused his lyrics when collaborating with YG on the song “Who Do You Love?”. He sought $100,000 for mistreatment and artistic theft, which Drake paid to the rapper later that year.[335] In 2016, Drake caused a nightclub in Oklahoma City to close down, due to his usage of marijuana and other illegal drugs being prevalent at the club.[336]
In 2017, Drake was embroiled in another lawsuit, being sued by producer Detail (Noel Fisher) over an alleged assault in 2014. Fisher claimed Drake’s bodyguard, Nessel “Chubbs” Beezer, punched him in the face and allegedly broke his jaw over musical and financial disputes. Fisher also said the injuries caused him to be hospitalized for days and had to undergo several surgeries, following which he sued for damages related to medical bills and physical and emotional suffering.[337] The case, which was set to undergo trial in May 2018, was dismissed by Superior Court Judge Elaine Lu after Fisher failed to show up for a final status conference. Lu ruled that Beezer solely acted in self-defense.[338]
Drake and Chris Brown were allegedly involved in a physical altercation in June 2012 when Drake and his entourage threw glass bottles at Brown in a SoHo nightclub in Manhattan, New York City. Chris Brown tweeted about the incident and released a song criticizing Drake weeks later.[339][340][341] Despite no response from Drake, he and Brown both appeared in a comedic skit for the 2014 ESPY Awards, and rehearsed the skit together prior to the televised airing, virtually ending the dispute.[342]
In December 2014, Drake was involved in another altercation, being punched by Diddy outside the LIV nightclub in Miami, Florida. The altercation was reported to be over Drake’s usage of the instrumental for “0 to 100 / The Catch Up”, allegedly produced by Boi-1da for Diddy, before Drake appropriated the track for his own use. Drake was later rushed to the ER after aggravating an old arm injury during the dispute.[343] Drake was also involved in a feud with Tyga, stemming from Tyga’s negative comments about him during an interview with Vibe magazine.[344] Drake would later respond on “6 God” and “6PM in New York”, which has been interpreted as directly involved in Tyga’s abrupt removal from Young Money Entertainment.[345]
Further controversy arose in July 2015 when it was alleged by Meek Mill that Drake had used ghostwriters during recording sessions for “RICO”, one of the lead singles off Mill’s second studio album. This proceeded further allegations that Drake did not help in promotion of the album, due to Mill discovering the ghostwriter, widely believed to be Quentin Miller.[346] Despite Miller collaborating with Drake and receiving past credits, Mill assured that Miller had written Drake’s verse for “R.I.C.O.” Soon after, Funkmaster Flex aired reference tracks in support of Mill’s claims, notably for “R.I.C.O.”, “10 Bands”, and “Know Yourself”. This prompted Drake to respond with two diss tracks, titled “Charged Up”[347] and “Back to Back”,[348] in the space of four days. Mill would later respond with “Wanna Know”,[349] before removing it from SoundCloud weeks later.[350] Despite subliminal disses[351][352][353] from either artist,[354] the feud has not been officially reignited. Drake would further seek to denounce Funkmaster Flex during his Madison Square Garden shows on the Summer Sixteen Tour.[355][356] Following Meek Mill’s sentencing of two to four years for probation violation, Drake stated “Free Meek Mill” at a concert in Australia, and ended their rivalry on “Family Feud”.[357]Pusha T would also use the same rationale to criticize Drake on “Infrared” in 2018,[358] prompting Drake to respond with the “Duppy Freestyle” diss track on May 25.[359] Pusha T would directly respond to the track through “The Story of Adidon” on May 29, which presented several claims, including an accusation of Drake fathering a secret child.[360] The pair are considered to have been in a rivalry since 2012, with Drake yet to respond to “The Story of Adidon”.[361]
In 2016, Drake was embroiled in a feud with Joe Budden, stemming from Budden’s derogatory comments when reviewing Views. Drake would allegedly respond to Budden through “4PM in Calabasas”, prompting Budden to respond with two diss tracks in the space of five days, echoing the same sentiment Drake deployed during his feud with Meek Mill. Drake would later appear on “No Shopping” alongside French Montana, directly referencing Budden throughout the song. However, French Montana claimed that Drake’s verse was recorded before the release of Budden’s diss tracks. Despite Budden releasing two further songs in reference to Drake,[362] he has yet to officially respond to Budden.[363] In the same year, Drake mocked Kid Cudi for his mental health, drug use and suicidal urges on “Two Birds, One Stone” after Cudi launched an expletive-filled rant on the artist on Twitter.[364] Cudi later checked into a rehabilitation facility following the release of the song, and continued to disparage Drake in further tweets.[365]
In mid-2018, Drake was embroiled in a feud with long-time collaborator Kanye West.[366] In an appearance on the talk show The Shop in October, Drake recounted several business meetings with West, who voiced his desire to “be Quincy Jones” and work with him, to replicate the producer-artist relationship between Jones and Michael Jackson.[367] West requested Drake play and inform him of upcoming releases, which was agreed to as Drake “felt a genuine vibe” from West, and after West gifted him the beat to “Lift Yourself”, which inspired Drake to begin writing to the instrumental.[368] West then requested Drake to travel to Wyoming to continue working, and arrived a day after close friend 40. 40 said West was working on an album, contradictory to his previous aim of just wanting to “give [Drake] beats”. Drake responded by saying West stated he would release in late 2018, and they should continue on.[369] However, upon his arrival in Wyoming, Drake “[spent] the majority of time working on [West’s] music”, only exploring his own after playing the producer the song “March 14”, which addresses Drake’s relationship with his newborn son and co-parent.[370] This prompted a conversation with West regarding his personal issues, after which, news of his son would be exposed by Pusha T.[371] West would also release “Lift Yourself” and produce “Infrared”, actions that greatly displeased Drake. This prompted him to denounce West in several songs and live performances.[372][373] West would retaliate in a series of tweets in late 2018.[374]
Drake has also been involved in feuds with DMX, Kendrick Lamar,[375]Common,[376]The Weeknd,[377]XXXTentacion, Jay-Z, Tory Lanez,[378] and Ludacris,[379] although the latter five have been reported to be resolved.[380][381][382]
Prior to venturing into business, Drake garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably gaining one with Sprite following his mention of drinking purple drank, a concoction that contains Sprite as a key ingredient.[383][384] In the aftermath of his highly publicized feud with Meek Mill, Drake was also endorsed by fast food restaurants Burger King and Whataburger.[385] Business magazine Forbes commented his endorsement deals and business partnerships “combined heavily” for Drake’s reported pre-tax earnings at $94 million between June 2016 to June 2017, being one of the highest-paid celebrities during that period.[386]
During the composition of Nothing Was the Same, Drake started his own record label in late 2012 with producer Noah “40” Shebib and business partner Oliver El-Khatib. Drake sought for an avenue to release his own music, as well helping in the nurturing of other artists, while Shebib and El-Khatib yearned to start a label with a distinct sound, prompting the trio to team up to form OVO Sound.[387] The name is an abbreviation derived from the October’s Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects. The label is currently distributed by Warner Bros. Records.
Drake, 40, and PartyNextDoor were the label’s inaugural artists. The label houses artists including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, OB O’Brien, Roy Woods, dvsn, Plaza, and Kash Doll,[388] as well as producers including 40, Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie, Nineteen85, and Future the Prince. OVO Sound has released six albums, with two certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
On September 30, 2013, at a press conference with Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke,[389] Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise, in conjunction with the announcement of the 2016 NBA All-Star Game being awarded to the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.[390][391][392] This was also the setting where Drake was given The Key to the City.[393] In the role, it was announced that Drake would help to promote and serve as a host of festivities, beginning with the All-Star Game. He would also provide consulting services to rebrand the team, helping to redesign its image and clothing line in commemoration of the franchise’s 20th anniversary.[389][394][395][396] He began by hosting an annual “Drake Night” segment with the organization, which began in 2013.[397]
Following the launch of Apple Music, a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc., the company announced Drake as the figurehead for the platform at their Worldwide Developers Conference in 2015, with the artist also penning an exclusivity deal with the service worth a reported $19 million.[398] This saw all future solo releases by Drake becoming available first on Apple Music, before seeing roll out to other streaming services and music retailers.[399] Drake had also developed the OVO Sound Radio station on Beats 1, which is utilized as the primary avenue for debuting singles and projects, with the station overseeing over 300 million unique users when it debuted More Life.[400] Drake’s partnership with Apple Music has largely been credited for the platform’s sharp success, as it attained 10 million subscribers after six months, as well as giving birth to exclusivity from artists, with many independent and signed artists, such as Frank Ocean and The Weeknd, also brokering exclusivity deals with streaming services.[401] Through signing with the company, Drake was one of the artists, alongside Pharrell and Katy Perry, to exclusively own an Apple Watch before the smartwatch saw public release.[402]
In 2017, Drake and Adel “Future” Nur co-founded the production company DreamCrew, which functions both as a management company and entertainment group. The company has produced the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[403] Their debut film as producers was with LeBron James and a production company, Uninterrupted, on the sports documentary The Carter Effect, detailing the impact of Vince Carter in Canada.[404]
In 2018, Drake purchased an ownership stake in the gaming organization 100 Thieves, joining as a co-founder and co-owner. The investment was partly funded by music executive Scooter Braun and Quicken Loans chairman Dan Gilbert. Since the investment, the stake is estimated to be worth $125 million.[405][406][407]
Two months prior to the release of Views, Drake announced the development of Virginia Black, a bourbon-based whiskey.[408] This would be his second foray into selling foodstuffs, previously partnering with celebrity chef Susur Lee to open Fring’s Restaurant in Toronto.[409] The beverage was created and also distributed alongside Proximo Spirits, as well as with Brent Hocking, a spirits producer who founded DeLeón Tequila in 2008.[410] The company described the partnership as “fruitful [as they] share a passion for style, music, and the pursuit of taste [on] a quest to redefine whiskey.”[411]
The product was launched in June 2016, and contained two, three and four-year old Bourbon whiskies. The company sold over 4,000 bottles in the first week domestically.[412] The brand was also promoted and marketed through Drake’s music and various tours, such as being part of the “Virginia Black VIP Lounge” additional package available for purchase during the Summer Sixteen Tour. Virginia Black shipped a further 30,000 units when rollout was extended to select international markets in late 2016.[413] The company later aired commercials with Drake’s father, Dennis Graham, which featured the tagline of “The Realest Dude Ever” (in reference toward “The Most Interesting Man in the World” tagline employed by Dos Equis) after extending the sale of the drink to Europe in 2017.[205]
In December 2013, Drake announced he was signing with Nike and Air Jordan, saying “growing up, I’m sure we all idolized Michael Jordan. I [am] officially inducted into the Team Jordan family.”[414] Drake also released his own collection of Air Jordans, dubbed the “Air Jordan OVOs”.[415] This foresaw collaborations between OVO and Canada Goose,[416] in which various items of clothing were produced.[417] In 2020, A Bathing Ape announced a collaboration with Drake, releasing an OVO x BAPE collection of clothing,[418] while he also partnered with candle manufacturer Revolve to create a line of self-scented candles.[419]
In December 2020, Drake announced a sub-label with Nike called Nocta. In a press release, Drake said “I always felt like there was an opportunity for Nike to embrace an entertainer the same way [as] athletes,” he wrote, “to be associated with the highest level possible was always my goal.”[420] The apparel line is named after Drake’s “nocturnal creative process”, in which Nike described as a “collection for the collective”, and noted by GQ as “fashion-forward, minimal-inspired sportswear”.[421] After the first collection sold out, another will be released in February 2021, which will introduce t-shirts, adjustable caps, a utility vest, and a lightweight jacket.[422]
Drake lives in Toronto, Ontario, in a 35,000-square-foot, $100 million estate nicknamed “The Embassy”,[423][424][425] which was built from the ground-up in 2017,[426][427] and is seen in the video to his song “Toosie Slide”. He also has a home in Hidden Hills, California, which he has owned since 2012.[428][429] Additionally, he owns a Toronto condo adjacent to the CN Tower[430] and a Boeing 767 airplane.[431][432]
Drake’s paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges.[433][434] Graham achieved both critical and commercial success as a member of the band Sly and the Family Stone,[435] while Hodges featured as the lead guitarist and songwriter for Al Green, and contributed heavily on most of his work in the 1970s, including the hits “Take Me to the River”, “Love and Happiness”, and “Here I Am (Come and Take Me)”.[436][437]
Drake dated singer Rihanna on-and-off from 2009 to 2016.[438] He has mentioned the relationship in every one of his studio albums,[439] and when presenting Rihanna with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016, he said “she’s a woman I’ve been in love with since I was 22 years old.”[440] On his former relationship with her, he said on the talk show The Shop:
As life takes shape and teaches you your own lessons, I end up in this situation where I don’t have the fairy tale, like, ‘Oh, Drake started a family with Rihanna and this is like so perfect.’ It looks so good on paper. By the way, I wanted that too at one time.[441]
Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017[442][443] to French painter[444] and former model[443][445][446] Sophie Brussaux.[447] Brussaux’s pregnancy was the subject of several rumours after featuring in a TMZ article in early 2017.[445] After the nature of the pair’s relationship was discussed in Pusha T’s “The Story of Adidon”, Drake confirmed his fatherhood on the album Scorpion in 2018, citing a desire for his child’s privacy.[446][448]
Studio albums
Aubrey Drake Graham[6] (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur.[7] A prominent figure in popular music, Drake is credited for popularizing the Toronto sound. He first gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001-2007); intent on pursuing a career in music, he left the series after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement. He released two more independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Young Money Entertainment.[8]
Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. He achieved major critical success with Take Care (2011), and commercial success with Nothing Was the Same (2013)[9] and his first commercial mixtape If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late (2015); the later two were certified multi-platinum in the US.[10] Drake’s fourth album Views (2016) sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks, becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade.[11] Marketed as a playlist, Drake’s second solo commercial mixtape More Life (2017) set multiple streaming records.[12] In 2018, he released the double album Scorpion, which produced three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[13] Drake’s third commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) featured the Hot 100 number-one lead single “Toosie Slide”.
As an entrepreneur, Drake founded the OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator 40 in 2012. In 2013, Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise. In 2016, Drake announced his development with American entrepreneur Brent Hocking of the bourbon whiskey Virginia Black; it eventually broke sale records in Canada.[14] He has also designed fashion, the most notable including a sub-label collaboration with Nike, alongside other business ventures. In 2018, Drake was reportedly responsible for 5% (CAD$440 million) of Toronto’s CAD$8.8 billion total annual tourism income.[15]دریک
Among the world’s best-selling music artists, with over 170 million records sold, Drake is ranked as the highest-certified digital singles artist in the United States by the RIAA.[16] He has won four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a record 27 Billboard Music Awards, two Brit Awards and three Juno Awards. Drake also holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most charted songs (209) of any artists ever on the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most continuous time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22). He also has the most number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Songs, and Rhythmic Airplay.
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Dennis Graham, is African American and a practising Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, who worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis.[17][18] His mother, Sandra “Sandi” Graham (née Sher), is a Canadian of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage who worked as an English teacher and florist.[19][20][21][22][23] Dennis Graham performed at Club Bluenote in Toronto, where he met Sandra Sher, who was in attendance.[18] Drake is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada.[24][25][26] In his youth, he attended a Jewish day school, and became a bar mitzvah.[27][28]
Drake’s parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto; his father returned to Memphis, where he was incarcerated for a number of years on drug-related charges.[29] Graham’s limited finances and legal issues caused him to remain in the United States until Drake’s early adulthood. Prior to his arrest, however, Graham would travel to Toronto and bring Drake to Memphis every summer.[30][31][32] His father later collaborated with Canadian music group Arkells on the music video for a song titled “Drake’s Dad”.[33] Graham claimed in an interview that Drake’s assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records,[34] which Drake vehemently denies.[35]
Drake was raised in two Toronto neighbourhoods. He lived on Weston Road in the city’s working-class west end[31] until grade six, playing minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings.[36] He then moved to one of the city’s affluent neighbourhoods, Forest Hill, in 2000.[37][38] When asked about the move, Drake replied, “[We had] a half of a house we could live in. The other people had the top half, we had the bottom half. I lived in the basement, my mom lived on the first floor. It was not big, it was not luxurious. It was what we could afford.”[39]
He attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute, where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts, first acting while an active student at the school.[40] He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city’s multicultural Oakwood–Vaughan neighbourhood. Due to the economic status associated with the neighbourhood, Drake described the school as “not by any means the easiest school to go to.”[31] Drake was often bullied at school for his racial and religious background,[41] and upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career, Drake dropped out of school.[42] He later graduated in October 2012.[43]
At age 15, eager to begin as an actor, a high school friend introduced Drake to his father, an acting agent.[44] The agent found Drake a role on the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation. Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks,[45] a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate. When asked about his early acting career, Drake replied, “My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was [from] Canadian TV.”[31] He appeared in a total of 100 episodes between 2001 and 2008.[46] In 2010, Drake expressed interest in playing Barack Obama in a biopic, to which Obama responded to with approval in an interview in 2020.[47]
After becoming musically inspired by Jay-Z and Clipse, Drake self-released his debut mixtape, Room for Improvement, in 2006. The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco, and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi-1da and Frank Dukes. When asked about the mixtape, Drake described the project as “pretty straightforward, radio friendly, [and] not much content to it.” Room for Improvement was released for sale only and sold roughly 6,000 copies,[45] for which Drake received $304.04 in royalty payments.[49] In 2007, he released his second mixtape Comeback Season. Released from his recently founded October’s Very Own label, it spawned the single “Replacement Girl” featuring Trey Songz. The song made Drake become the first unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video on BET, with “Replacement Girl” featured on their “New Joint of the Day” segment in April 2007.[50] The song also saw Drake sample “Man of the Year” by Brisco, Flo Rida and Lil Wayne, retaining Lil Wayne’s verse, and adjoined his own to the song’s earlier half. This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song, which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston to join his Tha Carter III tour.[51] Throughout the duration of the tour, Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together, including “Ransom”, “Forever”, and a remix to “Brand New”.[51] Despite the collaborations between the duo, Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment.
In 2009, Drake released his third mixtape So Far Gone. It was made available for free download through his OVO blog website, and featured Lil Wayne, Trey Songz, Omarion, Lloyd, and Bun B. It received over 2,000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release, finding mainstream commercial success from the singles “Best I Ever Had” and “Successful”, both gaining Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the former also peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] This prompted the mixtape’s re-release as an EP, featuring only four songs from the original, as well as the additions of the songs “I’m Goin’ In” and “Fear”. It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.[53]
Due to the success of the mixtape,[54] Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels, often reported as “one of the biggest bidding wars ever”.[55] Despite this, Drake was rumoured to have secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment on June 29, 2009.[56] This was later confirmed following a planned lawsuit from Young Money, in conjunction with Drake, against an unauthorized album titled The Girls Love Drake, which was released on iTunes under dubious means.[57][vague]
Drake then joined the rest of the label’s roster on the America’s Most Wanted Tour in July 2009.[58] However, during a performance of “Best I Ever Had” in Camden, New Jersey, Drake fell on stage and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee.[59] He underwent surgery later that year.
Drake planned to release his debut album, Thank Me Later, in late 2008, but the album’s release date was postponed, first to March 2010,[60] and then to May 25, 2010.[61]Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had again been pushed back three weeks for a June 15, 2010 release.[60][62]
On March 9, 2010, Drake released the debut single “Over”,[63] which peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as topping the Rap Songs chart. It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[64] His second single, “Find Your Love”, became an even bigger success. It peaked at number five on the Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[65] The music video for the single was shot in Kingston, Jamaica, and was criticized by Jamaica’s minister of tourism Edmund Bartlett. Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video, saying, “care has to be taken by all, including our creative artists, in [showcasing] images of our destination and people. Gun culture, while not unique to Jamaica, is not enhancing [the island’s image].”[66] The third single and fourth singles, “Miss Me” and “Fancy” respectively,[67] attained moderate commercial success; however, the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.[68] On April 29, it was reportedly announced that Drake had finished Thank Me Later during a show in Kansas City, Missouri.[69]
Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010,[70] debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447,000 copies in its first week.[71] Upon the album’s release, 25,000 fans gathered at New York City’s South Street Seaport for a free concert hosted by Drake and Hanson, which was later cancelled by the police after a near-riot ensued due to overflowing crowds.[72] The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010,[73] and featured Lil Wayne, Kanye West,[74] and Jay Z.[75]
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in the military science fiction video game Gears of War 3. He was scheduled to play the role of Jace Stratton, but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour[76] prevented him from accepting the role.[77] He began the tour on September 20, 2010 in Miami, Florida, performing at 78 shows over four different legs.[78] It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010.[79] Due to the success of the Away from Home Tour, Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010. It would soon become a regular event during the summer, with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle. Drake also had an eco-friendly college tour to support the album, beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois. It concluded in Plymouth, New Hampshire on May 8, and he also performed at The Bamboozle on May 1.[80][81]
Beginning his second effort in fall 2010,[82] Drake announced his intentions to allow Noah “40” Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later, which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others.[83] In November 2010, Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care.[84] In comparison to his debut album, Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album, stating, “I didn’t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record. I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn’t get to sit with the record and say, ‘I should change this verse.’ Once it was done, it was done. That’s why my new album is called Take Care, because I get to take my time this go-round.”[85] Drake sought to expand on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic esthetic of Thank Me Later.[86][87] Primarily a hip hop album, Drake also attempted to incorporate R&B and pop to create a languid, grandiose sound.[88]
In January 2011, Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki’s Arbitrage,[89] before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie to focus on the album. “Dreams Money Can Buy”[90] and “Marvins Room”[86] were released on Drake’s October’s Very Own Blog, on May 20 and June 9, respectively. Acting as promotional singles for Take Care, the former was eventually unincluded on the album’s final track listing, while “Marvins Room” gained Gold certification by the RIAA,[91] as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100,[92] and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart,[93] coupled with extensive play on contemporary urban radio.[94] Drake would soon release the song’s music video on June 28.[95]
“Headlines” was released on August 9 as the lead single for Take Care. It was met with positive critical and commercial response, reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100, as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs, making Drake the artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, with 12.[96] It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada.[97] The music video for the single was released on October 2, and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All-Star Game in January 2012.[98] “Make Me Proud” was released as the album’s second single on October 16.[99] It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album, and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] The song reached number nine the following week, tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist, with 88.[100] “Make Me Proud” soon became Drake’s fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA.[101]
Prior to the album’s release, Drake planned to record a collaborative album with Lil Wayne; however, it was ultimately scrapped due to the success of Watch the Throne.[102][103][104] He also began collaborations with Rick Ross for a mixtape titled Y.O.L.O., but the duo decided against the project in favor of increased concern for their respective studio albums.[105][106]
Take Care was released on November 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[107] John McDonnell of NME dubbed it “an affecting masterpiece” and commended its “delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics.”[108]Pitchfork’s Ryan Dombal found Drake’s “technical abilities” to be improved and stated, “Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up.”[109] Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it “a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West.”[110]Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake’s “moral psychodramas” and stated, “the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.”[111] It also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, and achieved great commercial success, eventually being certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016, with sales for the album marking 2.6 million in the U.S.[112]
The album’s third and fourth singles, “The Motto” and Take Care”, were released on November 29, 2011[91] and February 21, 2012, respectively.[113] Each song was subject to commercial success, while also having large societal impacts, with “The Motto” credited for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States.[114][115] The music video for “Take Care” saw widespread acclaim, with MTV stating, “None of his contemporaries – not even the ever-obtuse Kanye [West] – make videos like this, mostly because no one else can get away with it.”[116] The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Video of the Year.[117] The song was also featured on the channel’s “Pop Songs You Must Hear” list of 2011.[118] “HYFR” was the final single to be released from the album, and became certified Gold.[119][120] It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video in 2012,[28][121] and the channel ranked him number two on their “Hottest MCs in the Game” list.[122]
In promotion of his second album, Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour. It became the most successful hip hop tour of 2012, grossing over $42 million.[123] He then returned to acting, starring in Ice Age: Continental Drift as Ethan.[124]
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour, Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album. Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album’s executive producer, Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx, hoping to include and expand the British producer’s influence over his next album.[125] Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care, departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent previously.[126]
In January 2013, Drake announced that he would release the first single off his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.[127][128] Despite an initial delay, it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event, and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album.[129] The album’s second single, “Hold On, We’re Going Home”, was released in August 2013, becoming the most successful single off the album, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[130] Drake sought inspiration from the 1980s television series Miami Vice during the composition of the song’s music video, incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show en route to winning his second MTV Video Music Award in 2014 for the video.[131][132][133] Drake appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the album’s third single, “Too Much”, alongside featured artist Sampha.[134]
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24, 2013, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 658,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[135] The album debuted atop the charts in Canada, Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. The album also enjoyed generally favourable reviews by contemporary music critics, commending the musical shift in terms of the tone and subject matter, comparing it to the distinct change showcased in Kanye West’s 808s & Heartbreak.[136] The album was also reported to have sold over 1,720,000 copies in the United States, and was further promoted by the “Would You like a Tour?” throughout late 2013 to early 2014.[137] It became the 22nd-most successful tour of the year, grossing an estimated $46 million.[138] Drake then returned to acting in January 2014, hosting Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as the musical guest. His versatility, acting ability and comedic timing were all praised by critics, describing it as what “kept him afloat during the tough and murky SNL waters”.[139][140][141] Drake also performed in Dubai, being one of the only artists ever to perform in the city.[142] In late 2014, Drake announced that he began recording sessions for his fourth studio album.[143]
In 2014, Drake performed in Spanish as a featured artist on the Romeo Santos song “Odio”. He also appeared on a remix of “Tuesday” by ILoveMakonnen, which peaked at number one on Billboard’s Rhythmic chart and number twelve on the “Hot 100”, and released “0 to 100 / The Catch Up” as a non-album single. The latter went double platinum in the United States.
On February 12, 2015, Drake released If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late onto iTunes with no prior announcement. Despite debate on whether it was an album[144] or a mixtape,[145] its commercial stance quantifies it as his fourth retail project with Cash Money Records, a scheme that was rumoured to allow Drake to leave the label.[146][147] However, he eventually remained with Cash Money, and If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late sold over 1 million units in 2015, making Drake the first artist with a platinum project in 2015, as well as his fourth overall.[148]
On July 31, 2015, Drake released four singles: “Back to Back”, “Charged Up”, “Hotline Bling”, and “Right Hand”. On September 20, 2015, Drake released a collaborative mixtape with Future,[149][150] which was recorded in Atlanta in just under a week.[151]
What a Time to Be Alive debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Drake the first hip hop artist to have two projects reach number one in the same year since 2004.[152] It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of over 1 million units.[153] Drake also appeared on the cover of The Fader for their 100th issue.[154]
Drake announced in January 2016 that his fourth studio album would be launched during the spring, releasing the promotional single “Summer Sixteen” later that month. The album was originally titled Views from the 6, but was later shortened to Views.[155] “Summer Sixteen” debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and proved controversial, with Drake comparing his standing in hip hop to more tenured artists. This move divided many contemporary music critics, describing his self-comparison as “goodly brash” or “conventionally disrespectful.”[156][157][158] It was also interpreted as a diss track towards Tory Lanez, who was unhappy at Drake for popularizing the term “The Six” when referencing Toronto.[159][160] Drake also crashed a Bat Mitzvah in New York City on February 20, performing at the event.[161]
Drake soon released the album’s lead singles, “Pop Style” and the dancehall-infused “One Dance”, on April 5. Both debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100;[162] however, the latter proved more commercially successful, with “One Dance” becoming Drake’s first number-one single in Canada and the US as a leading artist.[163][164] The single also became Drake’s first number one single as a lead artist in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number one in Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands.[165][166] During an episode for OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed the album’s release date of April 29, and followed it up with various promotional videos.[167] On October 15, “One Dance” became Spotify’s most-streamed song ever, amassing over 882 million plays as of October 2016[update].[168]
Views was previewed in London before its premiere on Beats 1 a day later. It was released as an Apple Music and iTunes exclusive on April 29 before being made available to various other platforms later that week.[169][170]Views would become Drake’s most commercially successful album, sitting atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks, as well as simultaneously leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 for eight weeks. It also achieved double-platinum status in the U.S., and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release, as well as gaining over half-billion overall streams of the album.[171][172][173] Despite its success, critical opinion towards the album remained much divided, drawing criticism for being overlong and lacking in a cohesive theme, while also claiming Drake was not challenging himself artistically, as opposed to his contemporaries.[174] He later released a short film titled Please Forgive Me, starring frequent collaborators and Swedish twin models Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta.[175] As of 2019[update], Views remains Drake’s best-selling album.
Drake returned to host Saturday Night Live on May 14, serving as the show’s musical guest.[176] Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively.[177] Drake and Future then announced the Summer Sixteen Tour to showcase their collective mixtape, as well as their respective studio albums. This marked Drake’s third co-headlining tour, which began in Austin, Texas on July 20.[178][179][180] On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017,[181] and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.[182] The latter dates of the Summer Sixteen Tour were postponed, however, due to Drake suffering an ankle injury.[183] During the 2016 OVO Festival, Kanye West confirmed that he and Drake had begun working on a collaborative album.[184] Soon after, the music video for “Child’s Play” was released, depicting Drake and Tyra Banks playing a couple encountering relationship issues at the Cheesecake Factory in a reference to one of the song’s lyrics.[185] On September 26, Please Forgive Me was released as an Apple Music exclusive. It ran a total of 25 minutes, and featured music from Views.[186] At the 2016 BET Hip-Hop Awards, Drake received the most nominations, with 10,[187] winning the awards for Album of the Year and Best Hip-Hop Video.[188][189] Drake later announced the Boy Meets World Tour on October 10, with twenty-six dates announced for the course of the tour in Europe.[190] Seven additional dates were added a day later due to overwhelming demand.[191]
Soon after, during an episode of OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed he would be releasing a project titled More Life in December. However, he later pushed the date back to the new year. The project was described as a “playlist of original music”, rather than being classified as a traditional mixtape or solo album.[192] He was later revealed to be Spotify’s most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015.[193] Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony.[194] Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced More Life would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram.[195] Upon release, More Life received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the Billboard 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[196] It also set a streaming record, becoming the highest ever streamed album in 24 hours, with a total of 89.9 million streams on Apple Music alone. The album also garnered 61.3 million streams on Spotify, dethroning Ed Sheeran’s ÷ as the highest opening on the service in a single day.[197] He later won 13 awards at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards in May, which saw him breaking the record for the most wins in a single show.[198]Billboard also reported Drake had been present on the Hot 100 chart for eight consecutive years, and has the most recorded entries by a solo artist.[199]
He then released the single “Signs” on June 24, as well as reuniting with Metro Boomin on a single with Offset.[200][201] The singles marked his first releases since More Life, with “Signs” was initially released as a collaboration between Drake and French fashion house Louis Vuitton, as part of the “Louis Vuitton Men’s Spring-Summer 2018” fashion show.[202] The event also had a playlist exclusively from OVO Sound, curated by label co-founder Oliver El-Khatib.[203] Drake hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and starred in multiple commercials alongside his father in promotion of Virginia Black.[204][205] Drake also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary, honouring the basketball career of Vince Carter, who was the first superstar player to play for the Toronto Raptors since the franchise’s inception in 1995.[206] The documentary also featured NBA players Chris Bosh, Tracy McGrady, Steve Nash, and LeBron James.
After rumours circulated of Drake possibly collaborating with various artists, including rapper Trippie Redd and producer Pi’erre Bourne, for his new studio album, multiple snippets of songs were leaked near the closing end of 2017.[207][208][209] Two songs would later be released as members of a mini EP, titled Scary Hours, on January 20, 2018, marking Drake’s first solo release since More Life, as well as his first appearance on any song after featuring on a remix of the Jay-Z song “Family Feud” with Lil Wayne, as the lead single of the latter’s Dedication 6: Reloaded mixtape.[210]Scary Hours featured the songs “Diplomatic Immunity” and “God’s Plan”, which both debuted within the top-ten, with the latter eventually breaking various streaming records as it debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[211][212][213] The song was Drake’s first song as a solo artist to reach number one, as well as his second chart topper as a lead artist.
دریک
Drake earned his 70th top 40 entry after featuring on the Migos song “Walk It Talk It”, which debuted at number eighteen, and peaked at number ten.[214] He was later featured on BlocBoy JB’s debut single “Look Alive”, which was released on February 9, 2018.[215] The song’s entry at number six on the Hot 100 made Drake the rapper with the most top 10 hits on the Hot 100, with 23.[216] He then featured on a remix to “Lemon”, a song originally released as a collaboration between band N.E.R.D and Rihanna. On April 5, Drake announced he was finishing his fifth studio album and he was releasing a single later that night.[217] On April 6, “Nice for What” was released, alongside a music video directed by Karena Evans, which featured several female celebrities.[218][219]
After “Nice For What” replaced his own “God’s Plan” on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, making him the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace their former number-one debut, Drake announced the title of his fifth studio album as Scorpion, with a planned release date of June 29, 2018.[220][221] He then released “I’m Upset” on May 26 as the album’s third single.[222]Scorpion was then released as a double-album, and marked Drake’s longest project, with a run-time of just under 90 minutes. The album broke both the one-day global records on Spotify and Apple Music, as it gained 132.45 million and 170 million plays on each streaming service, respectively.[223] It eventually sold 749,000 album equivalent units in its first week of sales, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[224][225] In 2018, articles by The Guardian and Rolling Stone called him “the definitive pop star of his generation” and “perhaps [the] biggest post-Justin Timberlake male pop star of the new millennium”, respectively.[226][227]
Shortly thereafter, Drake collaborated with British hip hop promotion Link Up TV on July 7, releasing a freestyle as a part of the promotion’s ‘Behind Barz’ segment,[228] before releasing another freestyle a week later after featuring on Charlie Sloth’s long-running Fire in the Booth program on BBC Radio 1Xtra.[229] Drake then earned his sixth number-one hit with “In My Feelings” on July 21,[230] which also spawned the viral “#InMyFeelingsChallenge” or “#KiKiChallenge”.[231][232][233] The success of “In My Feelings” also made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers.[234] Soon after, he released the music video for “Nonstop”, which was filmed in London during his surprise performance at the Wireless Festival.[235]
He then appeared on the Travis Scott album Astroworld, featuring uncredited vocals for his song “Sicko Mode”, which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[236] Drake announced in July 2018 that he planned to “take 6 months to a year” to himself to return to television and films, producing the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[237] He then began the Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour with co-headliners Migos on August 12. This preceded a collaboration with Bad Bunny titled “Mia”, which featured Drake performing in Spanish.[238] He subsequently received the award for Hot Ticket Performer at the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 16. During a performance in Edmonton on November 7, Drake announced his intention to begin composing his next project in early 2019.[239]
In February 2019, he received his fourth Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, for “God’s Plan”, at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.[240] During his speech, producers abruptly cut to a commercial break, leading viewers to speculate they were censoring his speech during which he criticized The Recording Academy.[241] A legal representative for the Academy then released a statement stating “a natural pause [led] the producers [to] assume that he was done and cut to commercial,” and added the organization offered him an opportunity to return to stage, but he declined.[242]
On February 14, Drake re-released his third mixtape, So Far Gone, onto streaming services for the first time to commemorate its 10-year anniversary,[243] and later collaborated with Summer Walker on a remix of Walker’s song “Girls Need Love”, marking his first release of 2019.[244] On April 10, during a performance on the Assassination Vacation Tour, he announced he was working on a new album.[245] On June 8, Drake appeared on Chris Brown’s single “No Guidance”.[246] On June 15, Drake released two songs, “Omertà” and “Money in the Grave”, on his EP The Best in the World Pack to celebrate the NBA Championship win of the Toronto Raptors.[247] On August 2, he released the compilation album Care Package, consisting of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming;[248] it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[249]
Drake released the song “War” on December 24, 2019 with an accompanying music video. The song was noted for its UK drill-inspired instrumental.[250][251][252] The following day, in an interview with Rap Radar, it was revealed that he was in the process of completing his sixth studio album.[253] On January 10, 2020, Drake collaborated with Future on the song “Life Is Good”, which appeared on the album High Off Life.[254] On January 31, the pair again collaborated on the song “Desires”, although it was released for free after being leaked.[255] On February 29, Drake released the songs “When to Say When” and “Chicago Freestyle” with a combined music video.[256] On April 3, Drake released “Toosie Slide” with a music video. The song and music video feature a dance, which was created with the help of social media influencer Toosie.[257] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Drake the first male artist to have three songs debut at number one.[258]
On May 1, 2020, Drake released the commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes, with guest appearances by Chris Brown, Future, Young Thug, Playboi Carti, Fivio Foreign, and Sosa Geek.[259] He also announced that his sixth studio album will be released in the summer of 2020.[260] The mixtape is a compilation of new songs and tracks that leaked on the internet.[261] It received mixed reviews and debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with 223,000 album-equivalent units,[262] and at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning 20,000 units in its first week.[263]
On July 17, 2020, Drake was featured on DJ Khaled’s two singles, “Greece” and “Popstar”,[264] debuting at numbers eight and three on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, becoming Drake’s record-extending 24th and 25th debuts in the Hot 100’s top 10. It also became his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries, breaking Madonna’s record for most Hot 100 top ten hits.[265] On July 20, Drake and British rapper Headie One released the drill track “Only You Freestyle”, making it the third drill-inspired song released by Drake in 2020, following “War” and “Demons”, both of which appear on Dark Lane Demo Tapes.[266] On August 14, Drake released “Laugh Now Cry Later” featuring Lil Durk, the lead single from his upcoming album Certified Lover Boy.[267] On September 3, the video for “Popstar” was released, in which Drake makes a cameo appearance.[268] On October 2, Drake was the solo guest feature, on “Outta Time”, from Bryson Tiller’s album Anniversary (2020).[269] He subsequently appeared on the remix to “You’re Mines Still”, alongside Yung Bleu on October 16;[270] just over a week later, on his 34th birthday, Drake announced Certified Lover Boy is set to be released in January 2021.[271][272]
On December 1, he reunited with Lil Wayne on “B.B. King Freestyle”, the lead single from the latter’s double-disc mixtape No Ceilings 3 (2020).[273]
Drake has cited several hip hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Kanye West,[274]Jay Z,[275]MF DOOM,[276] and Lil Wayne,[277] while also attributing various R&B artists as influential to the incorporation of the genre into his own music, including Aaliyah[278] and Usher.[279] Drake has also credited several dancehall artists for later influencing his Caribbean-inflected style, including Vybz Kartel, whom he has called one of his “biggest inspirations”.[280][281]
While Drake’s earlier music primarily spanned hip hop and R&B, his music has delved into pop and trap in recent years.[282] Additionally, his music has drawn influence from regional scenes, including Jamaican dancehall[281] and UK drill.[252] Drake is known for his egotistical lyrics, technical ability, and integration of personal backstory when dealing with relationships with women.[283] His vocal abilities have been lauded for an audible contrast between typical hip-hop beats and melody, with sometimes abrasive rapping coupled with softer accents, delivered on technical lyricism.[284] His songs often include audible changes in lyrical pronunciation in parallel with his upbringing in Toronto, and connections with Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries which include such phrases as “ting”, “touching road”, “talkin’ boasy” and “gwanin’ wassy”.[284] Most of his songs contain R&B and Canadian hip hop elements, and he combines rapping with singing.[285] He credits his father with the introduction of singing into his rap mixtapes, which have become a staple in his musical repertoire. His incorporation of melody into technically complex lyrics was supported by Lil Wayne, and has subsequently been a critically acclaimed component to Drake’s singles and albums.[286]
The lyrical content that Drake deploys is typically considered to be emotional[287] or boastful.[288] However, Drake is often revered for incorporating “degrading” themes of money, drug use, and women into newer, idealized contexts, often achieving this through his augmentation of the typical meaning of phrases in which he combines an objective and subjective perspective into one vocal delivery. His songs often maintain tension between “pause and pace, tone timbre, and volume and vocal fermata.”[289] Drake is credited with innovating what has been referred to as “hyper-reality rap”, which is characterized by its focus on themes of celebrity as being distinct from the “real world.”[290]
A prominent figure in pop culture,[291] Drake is widely credited for popularizing the Toronto sound to the music industry and leading the “Canadian Invasion” of the American charts.[292][293][294][295][296]The Washington Post editor Maura Judkis credits Drake for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States with his single “The Motto”, which includes, “You only live once: that’s the motto, nigga, YOLO.”[297] Drake later popularized the term “The Six” in 2015 in relation to his hometown Toronto, subsequently becoming a point of reference to the city.[298] Furthermore, the subject matter of his artistry often revolving around relationships have had widespread impact on social media through photo captions commonly used to reference emotions or personal situations.[299] However, his lyrical contents have had a negative reception from fans and critics deeming him as sensitive, a trait that is understood as being antithetical to hip hop culture.[300] June 10 was declared “Drake Day” in Houston, Texas.[301][302][303] In 2016, Drake visited Drake University after a show in Des Moines in response to an extensive social media campaign by students that began in 2009, advocating for his appearance.[304][305] In 2016, Drake spoke on the shooting of Alton Sterling, publishing an open letter expressing his concern for the safety of ethnic minorities against police brutality in the United States.[306]
The music video for “Hotline Bling” went viral due to Drake’s eccentric choices in dancing.[307] The video has been remixed, memed, and was heavily commented on due to Drake’s unconventional nature on the song,[308] causing it to gain popularity on YouTube, spawning several parodies.[309] Drake has also been critiqued for his expensive, product placement-heavy attire, exampled by the video for “Hotline Bling”. Drake modelled a $1,500 Moncler Puffer Jacket, a $400 Acne Studios turtleneck, and limited edition Timberland 6″ Classic Boots.[310][311] Moreover, his style and dress sense have caused GQ magazine to describe him as “[one of] the most stylish men alive”.[312]
Drake is the highest-certified digital singles artist ever in the United States, having moved 142 million units based on combined sales and on-demand streams.[16][313] His highest-certified single is “God’s Plan” (11× Platinum), and two of his singles, “God’s Plan” and “Hotline Bling”, have been certified 8× Platinum.[314] He holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most number of charted songs (209) of any artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100,[315][316] the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22).[317] He also has the most number-one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts.[318][319]
As of 2019[update], Drake has won four Grammy Awards from 42 nominations.[320] He has also won 2 MTV Video Music Awards, and has been ranked by Complex on their “Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979” list, awarding Drake the accolade in 2011, 2012, and 2015.[321]Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated “Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014”, adding “the best rapper in 2014 didn’t need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance”.[322] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[323] third on the same chart in 2016[324] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[325] In 2017, he surpassed Adele’s record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[198]
Pitchfork ranked Nothing Was the Same as the 41st best album of the decade “so far”—between 2010 and 2014,[326] and ranked him fifth in the publication’s list of the “Top 10 Music Artists” since 2010.[327][328]
On May 31, 2009, Drake was robbed at gunpoint in Toronto’s Little Italy district and was forced to forfeit a gold and diamond necklace, an Audemars Piguet watch, and $2,000. Two men, Soccerties Cotterell and Paul Lelutiu, were initially charged with armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, three counts of pointing a firearm and possession of stolen property; these charges were later dropped. The men pleaded guilty only to conspiracy to commit robbery, and spent six months in jail.[329]
In 2012, singer Ericka Lee filed a lawsuit against Drake for the usage of her voice on “Marvins Room”. Claiming to have provided the female vocals, Lee also alleged she was owed songwriting credits and royalties.[330] Despite Drake’s legal team countering by claiming that Lee simply requested a credit in the liner notes of the album, the matter was resolved in February 2013, with both parties agreeing to an out-of-court settlement.[331] In 2014, Drake was sued for $300,000 for sampling “Jimmy Smith Rap”, a 1982 single by jazz musician Jimmy Smith. The suit was filed by Smith’s estate, who said Drake never asked for permission when sampling it for the intro on “Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2”, claiming Smith himself would have disagreed as he disliked hip hop.[332][333] Drake would win the lawsuit in 2017, with federal judge William Pauley ruling the content used was transformative, and there was no liability for copyright infringement.[334] Also in 2014, it emerged that Drake was sued by rapper Rappin’ 4-Tay, claiming Drake misused his lyrics when collaborating with YG on the song “Who Do You Love?”. He sought $100,000 for mistreatment and artistic theft, which Drake paid to the rapper later that year.[335] In 2016, Drake caused a nightclub in Oklahoma City to close down, due to his usage of marijuana and other illegal drugs being prevalent at the club.[336]
In 2017, Drake was embroiled in another lawsuit, being sued by producer Detail (Noel Fisher) over an alleged assault in 2014. Fisher claimed Drake’s bodyguard, Nessel “Chubbs” Beezer, punched him in the face and allegedly broke his jaw over musical and financial disputes. Fisher also said the injuries caused him to be hospitalized for days and had to undergo several surgeries, following which he sued for damages related to medical bills and physical and emotional suffering.[337] The case, which was set to undergo trial in May 2018, was dismissed by Superior Court Judge Elaine Lu after Fisher failed to show up for a final status conference. Lu ruled that Beezer solely acted in self-defense.[338]
Drake and Chris Brown were allegedly involved in a physical altercation in June 2012 when Drake and his entourage threw glass bottles at Brown in a SoHo nightclub in Manhattan, New York City. Chris Brown tweeted about the incident and released a song criticizing Drake weeks later.[339][340][341] Despite no response from Drake, he and Brown both appeared in a comedic skit for the 2014 ESPY Awards, and rehearsed the skit together prior to the televised airing, virtually ending the dispute.[342]
In December 2014, Drake was involved in another altercation, being punched by Diddy outside the LIV nightclub in Miami, Florida. The altercation was reported to be over Drake’s usage of the instrumental for “0 to 100 / The Catch Up”, allegedly produced by Boi-1da for Diddy, before Drake appropriated the track for his own use. Drake was later rushed to the ER after aggravating an old arm injury during the dispute.[343] Drake was also involved in a feud with Tyga, stemming from Tyga’s negative comments about him during an interview with Vibe magazine.[344] Drake would later respond on “6 God” and “6PM in New York”, which has been interpreted as directly involved in Tyga’s abrupt removal from Young Money Entertainment.[345]
Further controversy arose in July 2015 when it was alleged by Meek Mill that Drake had used ghostwriters during recording sessions for “RICO”, one of the lead singles off Mill’s second studio album. This proceeded further allegations that Drake did not help in promotion of the album, due to Mill discovering the ghostwriter, widely believed to be Quentin Miller.[346] Despite Miller collaborating with Drake and receiving past credits, Mill assured that Miller had written Drake’s verse for “R.I.C.O.” Soon after, Funkmaster Flex aired reference tracks in support of Mill’s claims, notably for “R.I.C.O.”, “10 Bands”, and “Know Yourself”. This prompted Drake to respond with two diss tracks, titled “Charged Up”[347] and “Back to Back”,[348] in the space of four days. Mill would later respond with “Wanna Know”,[349] before removing it from SoundCloud weeks later.[350] Despite subliminal disses[351][352][353] from either artist,[354] the feud has not been officially reignited. Drake would further seek to denounce Funkmaster Flex during his Madison Square Garden shows on the Summer Sixteen Tour.[355][356] Following Meek Mill’s sentencing of two to four years for probation violation, Drake stated “Free Meek Mill” at a concert in Australia, and ended their rivalry on “Family Feud”.[357]Pusha T would also use the same rationale to criticize Drake on “Infrared” in 2018,[358] prompting Drake to respond with the “Duppy Freestyle” diss track on May 25.[359] Pusha T would directly respond to the track through “The Story of Adidon” on May 29, which presented several claims, including an accusation of Drake fathering a secret child.[360] The pair are considered to have been in a rivalry since 2012, with Drake yet to respond to “The Story of Adidon”.[361]
In 2016, Drake was embroiled in a feud with Joe Budden, stemming from Budden’s derogatory comments when reviewing Views. Drake would allegedly respond to Budden through “4PM in Calabasas”, prompting Budden to respond with two diss tracks in the space of five days, echoing the same sentiment Drake deployed during his feud with Meek Mill. Drake would later appear on “No Shopping” alongside French Montana, directly referencing Budden throughout the song. However, French Montana claimed that Drake’s verse was recorded before the release of Budden’s diss tracks. Despite Budden releasing two further songs in reference to Drake,[362] he has yet to officially respond to Budden.[363] In the same year, Drake mocked Kid Cudi for his mental health, drug use and suicidal urges on “Two Birds, One Stone” after Cudi launched an expletive-filled rant on the artist on Twitter.[364] Cudi later checked into a rehabilitation facility following the release of the song, and continued to disparage Drake in further tweets.[365]
In mid-2018, Drake was embroiled in a feud with long-time collaborator Kanye West.[366] In an appearance on the talk show The Shop in October, Drake recounted several business meetings with West, who voiced his desire to “be Quincy Jones” and work with him, to replicate the producer-artist relationship between Jones and Michael Jackson.[367] West requested Drake play and inform him of upcoming releases, which was agreed to as Drake “felt a genuine vibe” from West, and after West gifted him the beat to “Lift Yourself”, which inspired Drake to begin writing to the instrumental.[368] West then requested Drake to travel to Wyoming to continue working, and arrived a day after close friend 40. 40 said West was working on an album, contradictory to his previous aim of just wanting to “give [Drake] beats”. Drake responded by saying West stated he would release in late 2018, and they should continue on.[369] However, upon his arrival in Wyoming, Drake “[spent] the majority of time working on [West’s] music”, only exploring his own after playing the producer the song “March 14”, which addresses Drake’s relationship with his newborn son and co-parent.[370] This prompted a conversation with West regarding his personal issues, after which, news of his son would be exposed by Pusha T.[371] West would also release “Lift Yourself” and produce “Infrared”, actions that greatly displeased Drake. This prompted him to denounce West in several songs and live performances.[372][373] West would retaliate in a series of tweets in late 2018.[374]
Drake has also been involved in feuds with DMX, Kendrick Lamar,[375]Common,[376]The Weeknd,[377]XXXTentacion, Jay-Z, Tory Lanez,[378] and Ludacris,[379] although the latter five have been reported to be resolved.[380][381][382]
Prior to venturing into business, Drake garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably gaining one with Sprite following his mention of drinking purple drank, a concoction that contains Sprite as a key ingredient.[383][384] In the aftermath of his highly publicized feud with Meek Mill, Drake was also endorsed by fast food restaurants Burger King and Whataburger.[385] Business magazine Forbes commented his endorsement deals and business partnerships “combined heavily” for Drake’s reported pre-tax earnings at $94 million between June 2016 to June 2017, being one of the highest-paid celebrities during that period.[386]
During the composition of Nothing Was the Same, Drake started his own record label in late 2012 with producer Noah “40” Shebib and business partner Oliver El-Khatib. Drake sought for an avenue to release his own music, as well helping in the nurturing of other artists, while Shebib and El-Khatib yearned to start a label with a distinct sound, prompting the trio to team up to form OVO Sound.[387] The name is an abbreviation derived from the October’s Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects. The label is currently distributed by Warner Bros. Records.
Drake, 40, and PartyNextDoor were the label’s inaugural artists. The label houses artists including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, OB O’Brien, Roy Woods, dvsn, Plaza, and Kash Doll,[388] as well as producers including 40, Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie, Nineteen85, and Future the Prince. OVO Sound has released six albums, with two certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
On September 30, 2013, at a press conference with Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke,[389] Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise, in conjunction with the announcement of the 2016 NBA All-Star Game being awarded to the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.[390][391][392] This was also the setting where Drake was given The Key to the City.[393] In the role, it was announced that Drake would help to promote and serve as a host of festivities, beginning with the All-Star Game. He would also provide consulting services to rebrand the team, helping to redesign its image and clothing line in commemoration of the franchise’s 20th anniversary.[389][394][395][396] He began by hosting an annual “Drake Night” segment with the organization, which began in 2013.[397]
Following the launch of Apple Music, a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc., the company announced Drake as the figurehead for the platform at their Worldwide Developers Conference in 2015, with the artist also penning an exclusivity deal with the service worth a reported $19 million.[398] This saw all future solo releases by Drake becoming available first on Apple Music, before seeing roll out to other streaming services and music retailers.[399] Drake had also developed the OVO Sound Radio station on Beats 1, which is utilized as the primary avenue for debuting singles and projects, with the station overseeing over 300 million unique users when it debuted More Life.[400] Drake’s partnership with Apple Music has largely been credited for the platform’s sharp success, as it attained 10 million subscribers after six months, as well as giving birth to exclusivity from artists, with many independent and signed artists, such as Frank Ocean and The Weeknd, also brokering exclusivity deals with streaming services.[401] Through signing with the company, Drake was one of the artists, alongside Pharrell and Katy Perry, to exclusively own an Apple Watch before the smartwatch saw public release.[402]
In 2017, Drake and Adel “Future” Nur co-founded the production company DreamCrew, which functions both as a management company and entertainment group. The company has produced the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[403] Their debut film as producers was with LeBron James and a production company, Uninterrupted, on the sports documentary The Carter Effect, detailing the impact of Vince Carter in Canada.[404]
In 2018, Drake purchased an ownership stake in the gaming organization 100 Thieves, joining as a co-founder and co-owner. The investment was partly funded by music executive Scooter Braun and Quicken Loans chairman Dan Gilbert. Since the investment, the stake is estimated to be worth $125 million.[405][406][407]
Two months prior to the release of Views, Drake announced the development of Virginia Black, a bourbon-based whiskey.[408] This would be his second foray into selling foodstuffs, previously partnering with celebrity chef Susur Lee to open Fring’s Restaurant in Toronto.[409] The beverage was created and also distributed alongside Proximo Spirits, as well as with Brent Hocking, a spirits producer who founded DeLeón Tequila in 2008.[410] The company described the partnership as “fruitful [as they] share a passion for style, music, and the pursuit of taste [on] a quest to redefine whiskey.”[411]
The product was launched in June 2016, and contained two, three and four-year old Bourbon whiskies. The company sold over 4,000 bottles in the first week domestically.[412] The brand was also promoted and marketed through Drake’s music and various tours, such as being part of the “Virginia Black VIP Lounge” additional package available for purchase during the Summer Sixteen Tour. Virginia Black shipped a further 30,000 units when rollout was extended to select international markets in late 2016.[413] The company later aired commercials with Drake’s father, Dennis Graham, which featured the tagline of “The Realest Dude Ever” (in reference toward “The Most Interesting Man in the World” tagline employed by Dos Equis) after extending the sale of the drink to Europe in 2017.[205]
In December 2013, Drake announced he was signing with Nike and Air Jordan, saying “growing up, I’m sure we all idolized Michael Jordan. I [am] officially inducted into the Team Jordan family.”[414] Drake also released his own collection of Air Jordans, dubbed the “Air Jordan OVOs”.[415] This foresaw collaborations between OVO and Canada Goose,[416] in which various items of clothing were produced.[417] In 2020, A Bathing Ape announced a collaboration with Drake, releasing an OVO x BAPE collection of clothing,[418] while he also partnered with candle manufacturer Revolve to create a line of self-scented candles.[419]
In December 2020, Drake announced a sub-label with Nike called Nocta. In a press release, Drake said “I always felt like there was an opportunity for Nike to embrace an entertainer the same way [as] athletes,” he wrote, “to be associated with the highest level possible was always my goal.”[420] The apparel line is named after Drake’s “nocturnal creative process”, in which Nike described as a “collection for the collective”, and noted by GQ as “fashion-forward, minimal-inspired sportswear”.[421] After the first collection sold out, another will be released in February 2021, which will introduce t-shirts, adjustable caps, a utility vest, and a lightweight jacket.[422]
Drake lives in Toronto, Ontario, in a 35,000-square-foot, $100 million estate nicknamed “The Embassy”,[423][424][425] which was built from the ground-up in 2017,[426][427] and is seen in the video to his song “Toosie Slide”. He also has a home in Hidden Hills, California, which he has owned since 2012.[428][429] Additionally, he owns a Toronto condo adjacent to the CN Tower[430] and a Boeing 767 airplane.[431][432]
Drake’s paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges.[433][434] Graham achieved both critical and commercial success as a member of the band Sly and the Family Stone,[435] while Hodges featured as the lead guitarist and songwriter for Al Green, and contributed heavily on most of his work in the 1970s, including the hits “Take Me to the River”, “Love and Happiness”, and “Here I Am (Come and Take Me)”.[436][437]
Drake dated singer Rihanna on-and-off from 2009 to 2016.[438] He has mentioned the relationship in every one of his studio albums,[439] and when presenting Rihanna with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016, he said “she’s a woman I’ve been in love with since I was 22 years old.”[440] On his former relationship with her, he said on the talk show The Shop:
As life takes shape and teaches you your own lessons, I end up in this situation where I don’t have the fairy tale, like, ‘Oh, Drake started a family with Rihanna and this is like so perfect.’ It looks so good on paper. By the way, I wanted that too at one time.[441]
Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017[442][443] to French painter[444] and former model[443][445][446] Sophie Brussaux.[447] Brussaux’s pregnancy was the subject of several rumours after featuring in a TMZ article in early 2017.[445] After the nature of the pair’s relationship was discussed in Pusha T’s “The Story of Adidon”, Drake confirmed his fatherhood on the album Scorpion in 2018, citing a desire for his child’s privacy.[446][448]
Studio albums
Aubrey Drake Graham[6] (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur.[7] A prominent figure in popular music, Drake is credited for popularizing the Toronto sound. He first gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001-2007); intent on pursuing a career in music, he left the series after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement. He released two more independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Young Money Entertainment.[8]
Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. He achieved major critical success with Take Care (2011), and commercial success with Nothing Was the Same (2013)[9] and his first commercial mixtape If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late (2015); the later two were certified multi-platinum in the US.[10] Drake’s fourth album Views (2016) sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks, becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade.[11] Marketed as a playlist, Drake’s second solo commercial mixtape More Life (2017) set multiple streaming records.[12] In 2018, he released the double album Scorpion, which produced three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[13] Drake’s third commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) featured the Hot 100 number-one lead single “Toosie Slide”.
As an entrepreneur, Drake founded the OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator 40 in 2012. In 2013, Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise. In 2016, Drake announced his development with American entrepreneur Brent Hocking of the bourbon whiskey Virginia Black; it eventually broke sale records in Canada.[14] He has also designed fashion, the most notable including a sub-label collaboration with Nike, alongside other business ventures. In 2018, Drake was reportedly responsible for 5% (CAD$440 million) of Toronto’s CAD$8.8 billion total annual tourism income.[15]دریک
Among the world’s best-selling music artists, with over 170 million records sold, Drake is ranked as the highest-certified digital singles artist in the United States by the RIAA.[16] He has won four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a record 27 Billboard Music Awards, two Brit Awards and three Juno Awards. Drake also holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most charted songs (209) of any artists ever on the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most continuous time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22). He also has the most number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Songs, and Rhythmic Airplay.
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Dennis Graham, is African American and a practising Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, who worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis.[17][18] His mother, Sandra “Sandi” Graham (née Sher), is a Canadian of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage who worked as an English teacher and florist.[19][20][21][22][23] Dennis Graham performed at Club Bluenote in Toronto, where he met Sandra Sher, who was in attendance.[18] Drake is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada.[24][25][26] In his youth, he attended a Jewish day school, and became a bar mitzvah.[27][28]
Drake’s parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto; his father returned to Memphis, where he was incarcerated for a number of years on drug-related charges.[29] Graham’s limited finances and legal issues caused him to remain in the United States until Drake’s early adulthood. Prior to his arrest, however, Graham would travel to Toronto and bring Drake to Memphis every summer.[30][31][32] His father later collaborated with Canadian music group Arkells on the music video for a song titled “Drake’s Dad”.[33] Graham claimed in an interview that Drake’s assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records,[34] which Drake vehemently denies.[35]
Drake was raised in two Toronto neighbourhoods. He lived on Weston Road in the city’s working-class west end[31] until grade six, playing minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings.[36] He then moved to one of the city’s affluent neighbourhoods, Forest Hill, in 2000.[37][38] When asked about the move, Drake replied, “[We had] a half of a house we could live in. The other people had the top half, we had the bottom half. I lived in the basement, my mom lived on the first floor. It was not big, it was not luxurious. It was what we could afford.”[39]
He attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute, where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts, first acting while an active student at the school.[40] He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city’s multicultural Oakwood–Vaughan neighbourhood. Due to the economic status associated with the neighbourhood, Drake described the school as “not by any means the easiest school to go to.”[31] Drake was often bullied at school for his racial and religious background,[41] and upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career, Drake dropped out of school.[42] He later graduated in October 2012.[43]
At age 15, eager to begin as an actor, a high school friend introduced Drake to his father, an acting agent.[44] The agent found Drake a role on the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation. Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks,[45] a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate. When asked about his early acting career, Drake replied, “My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was [from] Canadian TV.”[31] He appeared in a total of 100 episodes between 2001 and 2008.[46] In 2010, Drake expressed interest in playing Barack Obama in a biopic, to which Obama responded to with approval in an interview in 2020.[47]
After becoming musically inspired by Jay-Z and Clipse, Drake self-released his debut mixtape, Room for Improvement, in 2006. The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco, and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi-1da and Frank Dukes. When asked about the mixtape, Drake described the project as “pretty straightforward, radio friendly, [and] not much content to it.” Room for Improvement was released for sale only and sold roughly 6,000 copies,[45] for which Drake received $304.04 in royalty payments.[49] In 2007, he released his second mixtape Comeback Season. Released from his recently founded October’s Very Own label, it spawned the single “Replacement Girl” featuring Trey Songz. The song made Drake become the first unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video on BET, with “Replacement Girl” featured on their “New Joint of the Day” segment in April 2007.[50] The song also saw Drake sample “Man of the Year” by Brisco, Flo Rida and Lil Wayne, retaining Lil Wayne’s verse, and adjoined his own to the song’s earlier half. This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song, which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston to join his Tha Carter III tour.[51] Throughout the duration of the tour, Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together, including “Ransom”, “Forever”, and a remix to “Brand New”.[51] Despite the collaborations between the duo, Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment.
In 2009, Drake released his third mixtape So Far Gone. It was made available for free download through his OVO blog website, and featured Lil Wayne, Trey Songz, Omarion, Lloyd, and Bun B. It received over 2,000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release, finding mainstream commercial success from the singles “Best I Ever Had” and “Successful”, both gaining Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the former also peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] This prompted the mixtape’s re-release as an EP, featuring only four songs from the original, as well as the additions of the songs “I’m Goin’ In” and “Fear”. It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.[53]
Due to the success of the mixtape,[54] Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels, often reported as “one of the biggest bidding wars ever”.[55] Despite this, Drake was rumoured to have secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment on June 29, 2009.[56] This was later confirmed following a planned lawsuit from Young Money, in conjunction with Drake, against an unauthorized album titled The Girls Love Drake, which was released on iTunes under dubious means.[57][vague]
Drake then joined the rest of the label’s roster on the America’s Most Wanted Tour in July 2009.[58] However, during a performance of “Best I Ever Had” in Camden, New Jersey, Drake fell on stage and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee.[59] He underwent surgery later that year.
Drake planned to release his debut album, Thank Me Later, in late 2008, but the album’s release date was postponed, first to March 2010,[60] and then to May 25, 2010.[61]Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had again been pushed back three weeks for a June 15, 2010 release.[60][62]
On March 9, 2010, Drake released the debut single “Over”,[63] which peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as topping the Rap Songs chart. It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[64] His second single, “Find Your Love”, became an even bigger success. It peaked at number five on the Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[65] The music video for the single was shot in Kingston, Jamaica, and was criticized by Jamaica’s minister of tourism Edmund Bartlett. Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video, saying, “care has to be taken by all, including our creative artists, in [showcasing] images of our destination and people. Gun culture, while not unique to Jamaica, is not enhancing [the island’s image].”[66] The third single and fourth singles, “Miss Me” and “Fancy” respectively,[67] attained moderate commercial success; however, the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.[68] On April 29, it was reportedly announced that Drake had finished Thank Me Later during a show in Kansas City, Missouri.[69]
Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010,[70] debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447,000 copies in its first week.[71] Upon the album’s release, 25,000 fans gathered at New York City’s South Street Seaport for a free concert hosted by Drake and Hanson, which was later cancelled by the police after a near-riot ensued due to overflowing crowds.[72] The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010,[73] and featured Lil Wayne, Kanye West,[74] and Jay Z.[75]
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in the military science fiction video game Gears of War 3. He was scheduled to play the role of Jace Stratton, but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour[76] prevented him from accepting the role.[77] He began the tour on September 20, 2010 in Miami, Florida, performing at 78 shows over four different legs.[78] It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010.[79] Due to the success of the Away from Home Tour, Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010. It would soon become a regular event during the summer, with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle. Drake also had an eco-friendly college tour to support the album, beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois. It concluded in Plymouth, New Hampshire on May 8, and he also performed at The Bamboozle on May 1.[80][81]
Beginning his second effort in fall 2010,[82] Drake announced his intentions to allow Noah “40” Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later, which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others.[83] In November 2010, Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care.[84] In comparison to his debut album, Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album, stating, “I didn’t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record. I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn’t get to sit with the record and say, ‘I should change this verse.’ Once it was done, it was done. That’s why my new album is called Take Care, because I get to take my time this go-round.”[85] Drake sought to expand on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic esthetic of Thank Me Later.[86][87] Primarily a hip hop album, Drake also attempted to incorporate R&B and pop to create a languid, grandiose sound.[88]
In January 2011, Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki’s Arbitrage,[89] before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie to focus on the album. “Dreams Money Can Buy”[90] and “Marvins Room”[86] were released on Drake’s October’s Very Own Blog, on May 20 and June 9, respectively. Acting as promotional singles for Take Care, the former was eventually unincluded on the album’s final track listing, while “Marvins Room” gained Gold certification by the RIAA,[91] as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100,[92] and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart,[93] coupled with extensive play on contemporary urban radio.[94] Drake would soon release the song’s music video on June 28.[95]
“Headlines” was released on August 9 as the lead single for Take Care. It was met with positive critical and commercial response, reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100, as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs, making Drake the artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, with 12.[96] It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada.[97] The music video for the single was released on October 2, and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All-Star Game in January 2012.[98] “Make Me Proud” was released as the album’s second single on October 16.[99] It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album, and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] The song reached number nine the following week, tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist, with 88.[100] “Make Me Proud” soon became Drake’s fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA.[101]
Prior to the album’s release, Drake planned to record a collaborative album with Lil Wayne; however, it was ultimately scrapped due to the success of Watch the Throne.[102][103][104] He also began collaborations with Rick Ross for a mixtape titled Y.O.L.O., but the duo decided against the project in favor of increased concern for their respective studio albums.[105][106]
Take Care was released on November 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[107] John McDonnell of NME dubbed it “an affecting masterpiece” and commended its “delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics.”[108]Pitchfork’s Ryan Dombal found Drake’s “technical abilities” to be improved and stated, “Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up.”[109] Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it “a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West.”[110]Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake’s “moral psychodramas” and stated, “the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.”[111] It also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, and achieved great commercial success, eventually being certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016, with sales for the album marking 2.6 million in the U.S.[112]
The album’s third and fourth singles, “The Motto” and Take Care”, were released on November 29, 2011[91] and February 21, 2012, respectively.[113] Each song was subject to commercial success, while also having large societal impacts, with “The Motto” credited for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States.[114][115] The music video for “Take Care” saw widespread acclaim, with MTV stating, “None of his contemporaries – not even the ever-obtuse Kanye [West] – make videos like this, mostly because no one else can get away with it.”[116] The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Video of the Year.[117] The song was also featured on the channel’s “Pop Songs You Must Hear” list of 2011.[118] “HYFR” was the final single to be released from the album, and became certified Gold.[119][120] It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video in 2012,[28][121] and the channel ranked him number two on their “Hottest MCs in the Game” list.[122]
In promotion of his second album, Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour. It became the most successful hip hop tour of 2012, grossing over $42 million.[123] He then returned to acting, starring in Ice Age: Continental Drift as Ethan.[124]
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour, Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album. Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album’s executive producer, Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx, hoping to include and expand the British producer’s influence over his next album.[125] Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care, departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent previously.[126]
In January 2013, Drake announced that he would release the first single off his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.[127][128] Despite an initial delay, it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event, and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album.[129] The album’s second single, “Hold On, We’re Going Home”, was released in August 2013, becoming the most successful single off the album, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[130] Drake sought inspiration from the 1980s television series Miami Vice during the composition of the song’s music video, incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show en route to winning his second MTV Video Music Award in 2014 for the video.[131][132][133] Drake appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the album’s third single, “Too Much”, alongside featured artist Sampha.[134]
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24, 2013, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 658,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[135] The album debuted atop the charts in Canada, Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. The album also enjoyed generally favourable reviews by contemporary music critics, commending the musical shift in terms of the tone and subject matter, comparing it to the distinct change showcased in Kanye West’s 808s & Heartbreak.[136] The album was also reported to have sold over 1,720,000 copies in the United States, and was further promoted by the “Would You like a Tour?” throughout late 2013 to early 2014.[137] It became the 22nd-most successful tour of the year, grossing an estimated $46 million.[138] Drake then returned to acting in January 2014, hosting Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as the musical guest. His versatility, acting ability and comedic timing were all praised by critics, describing it as what “kept him afloat during the tough and murky SNL waters”.[139][140][141] Drake also performed in Dubai, being one of the only artists ever to perform in the city.[142] In late 2014, Drake announced that he began recording sessions for his fourth studio album.[143]
In 2014, Drake performed in Spanish as a featured artist on the Romeo Santos song “Odio”. He also appeared on a remix of “Tuesday” by ILoveMakonnen, which peaked at number one on Billboard’s Rhythmic chart and number twelve on the “Hot 100”, and released “0 to 100 / The Catch Up” as a non-album single. The latter went double platinum in the United States.
On February 12, 2015, Drake released If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late onto iTunes with no prior announcement. Despite debate on whether it was an album[144] or a mixtape,[145] its commercial stance quantifies it as his fourth retail project with Cash Money Records, a scheme that was rumoured to allow Drake to leave the label.[146][147] However, he eventually remained with Cash Money, and If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late sold over 1 million units in 2015, making Drake the first artist with a platinum project in 2015, as well as his fourth overall.[148]
On July 31, 2015, Drake released four singles: “Back to Back”, “Charged Up”, “Hotline Bling”, and “Right Hand”. On September 20, 2015, Drake released a collaborative mixtape with Future,[149][150] which was recorded in Atlanta in just under a week.[151]
What a Time to Be Alive debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Drake the first hip hop artist to have two projects reach number one in the same year since 2004.[152] It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of over 1 million units.[153] Drake also appeared on the cover of The Fader for their 100th issue.[154]
Drake announced in January 2016 that his fourth studio album would be launched during the spring, releasing the promotional single “Summer Sixteen” later that month. The album was originally titled Views from the 6, but was later shortened to Views.[155] “Summer Sixteen” debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and proved controversial, with Drake comparing his standing in hip hop to more tenured artists. This move divided many contemporary music critics, describing his self-comparison as “goodly brash” or “conventionally disrespectful.”[156][157][158] It was also interpreted as a diss track towards Tory Lanez, who was unhappy at Drake for popularizing the term “The Six” when referencing Toronto.[159][160] Drake also crashed a Bat Mitzvah in New York City on February 20, performing at the event.[161]
Drake soon released the album’s lead singles, “Pop Style” and the dancehall-infused “One Dance”, on April 5. Both debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100;[162] however, the latter proved more commercially successful, with “One Dance” becoming Drake’s first number-one single in Canada and the US as a leading artist.[163][164] The single also became Drake’s first number one single as a lead artist in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number one in Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands.[165][166] During an episode for OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed the album’s release date of April 29, and followed it up with various promotional videos.[167] On October 15, “One Dance” became Spotify’s most-streamed song ever, amassing over 882 million plays as of October 2016[update].[168]
Views was previewed in London before its premiere on Beats 1 a day later. It was released as an Apple Music and iTunes exclusive on April 29 before being made available to various other platforms later that week.[169][170]Views would become Drake’s most commercially successful album, sitting atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks, as well as simultaneously leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 for eight weeks. It also achieved double-platinum status in the U.S., and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release, as well as gaining over half-billion overall streams of the album.[171][172][173] Despite its success, critical opinion towards the album remained much divided, drawing criticism for being overlong and lacking in a cohesive theme, while also claiming Drake was not challenging himself artistically, as opposed to his contemporaries.[174] He later released a short film titled Please Forgive Me, starring frequent collaborators and Swedish twin models Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta.[175] As of 2019[update], Views remains Drake’s best-selling album.
Drake returned to host Saturday Night Live on May 14, serving as the show’s musical guest.[176] Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively.[177] Drake and Future then announced the Summer Sixteen Tour to showcase their collective mixtape, as well as their respective studio albums. This marked Drake’s third co-headlining tour, which began in Austin, Texas on July 20.[178][179][180] On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017,[181] and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.[182] The latter dates of the Summer Sixteen Tour were postponed, however, due to Drake suffering an ankle injury.[183] During the 2016 OVO Festival, Kanye West confirmed that he and Drake had begun working on a collaborative album.[184] Soon after, the music video for “Child’s Play” was released, depicting Drake and Tyra Banks playing a couple encountering relationship issues at the Cheesecake Factory in a reference to one of the song’s lyrics.[185] On September 26, Please Forgive Me was released as an Apple Music exclusive. It ran a total of 25 minutes, and featured music from Views.[186] At the 2016 BET Hip-Hop Awards, Drake received the most nominations, with 10,[187] winning the awards for Album of the Year and Best Hip-Hop Video.[188][189] Drake later announced the Boy Meets World Tour on October 10, with twenty-six dates announced for the course of the tour in Europe.[190] Seven additional dates were added a day later due to overwhelming demand.[191]
Soon after, during an episode of OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed he would be releasing a project titled More Life in December. However, he later pushed the date back to the new year. The project was described as a “playlist of original music”, rather than being classified as a traditional mixtape or solo album.[192] He was later revealed to be Spotify’s most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015.[193] Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony.[194] Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced More Life would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram.[195] Upon release, More Life received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the Billboard 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[196] It also set a streaming record, becoming the highest ever streamed album in 24 hours, with a total of 89.9 million streams on Apple Music alone. The album also garnered 61.3 million streams on Spotify, dethroning Ed Sheeran’s ÷ as the highest opening on the service in a single day.[197] He later won 13 awards at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards in May, which saw him breaking the record for the most wins in a single show.[198]Billboard also reported Drake had been present on the Hot 100 chart for eight consecutive years, and has the most recorded entries by a solo artist.[199]
He then released the single “Signs” on June 24, as well as reuniting with Metro Boomin on a single with Offset.[200][201] The singles marked his first releases since More Life, with “Signs” was initially released as a collaboration between Drake and French fashion house Louis Vuitton, as part of the “Louis Vuitton Men’s Spring-Summer 2018” fashion show.[202] The event also had a playlist exclusively from OVO Sound, curated by label co-founder Oliver El-Khatib.[203] Drake hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and starred in multiple commercials alongside his father in promotion of Virginia Black.[204][205] Drake also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary, honouring the basketball career of Vince Carter, who was the first superstar player to play for the Toronto Raptors since the franchise’s inception in 1995.[206] The documentary also featured NBA players Chris Bosh, Tracy McGrady, Steve Nash, and LeBron James.
After rumours circulated of Drake possibly collaborating with various artists, including rapper Trippie Redd and producer Pi’erre Bourne, for his new studio album, multiple snippets of songs were leaked near the closing end of 2017.[207][208][209] Two songs would later be released as members of a mini EP, titled Scary Hours, on January 20, 2018, marking Drake’s first solo release since More Life, as well as his first appearance on any song after featuring on a remix of the Jay-Z song “Family Feud” with Lil Wayne, as the lead single of the latter’s Dedication 6: Reloaded mixtape.[210]Scary Hours featured the songs “Diplomatic Immunity” and “God’s Plan”, which both debuted within the top-ten, with the latter eventually breaking various streaming records as it debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[211][212][213] The song was Drake’s first song as a solo artist to reach number one, as well as his second chart topper as a lead artist.
دریک
Drake earned his 70th top 40 entry after featuring on the Migos song “Walk It Talk It”, which debuted at number eighteen, and peaked at number ten.[214] He was later featured on BlocBoy JB’s debut single “Look Alive”, which was released on February 9, 2018.[215] The song’s entry at number six on the Hot 100 made Drake the rapper with the most top 10 hits on the Hot 100, with 23.[216] He then featured on a remix to “Lemon”, a song originally released as a collaboration between band N.E.R.D and Rihanna. On April 5, Drake announced he was finishing his fifth studio album and he was releasing a single later that night.[217] On April 6, “Nice for What” was released, alongside a music video directed by Karena Evans, which featured several female celebrities.[218][219]
After “Nice For What” replaced his own “God’s Plan” on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, making him the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace their former number-one debut, Drake announced the title of his fifth studio album as Scorpion, with a planned release date of June 29, 2018.[220][221] He then released “I’m Upset” on May 26 as the album’s third single.[222]Scorpion was then released as a double-album, and marked Drake’s longest project, with a run-time of just under 90 minutes. The album broke both the one-day global records on Spotify and Apple Music, as it gained 132.45 million and 170 million plays on each streaming service, respectively.[223] It eventually sold 749,000 album equivalent units in its first week of sales, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[224][225] In 2018, articles by The Guardian and Rolling Stone called him “the definitive pop star of his generation” and “perhaps [the] biggest post-Justin Timberlake male pop star of the new millennium”, respectively.[226][227]
Shortly thereafter, Drake collaborated with British hip hop promotion Link Up TV on July 7, releasing a freestyle as a part of the promotion’s ‘Behind Barz’ segment,[228] before releasing another freestyle a week later after featuring on Charlie Sloth’s long-running Fire in the Booth program on BBC Radio 1Xtra.[229] Drake then earned his sixth number-one hit with “In My Feelings” on July 21,[230] which also spawned the viral “#InMyFeelingsChallenge” or “#KiKiChallenge”.[231][232][233] The success of “In My Feelings” also made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers.[234] Soon after, he released the music video for “Nonstop”, which was filmed in London during his surprise performance at the Wireless Festival.[235]
He then appeared on the Travis Scott album Astroworld, featuring uncredited vocals for his song “Sicko Mode”, which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[236] Drake announced in July 2018 that he planned to “take 6 months to a year” to himself to return to television and films, producing the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[237] He then began the Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour with co-headliners Migos on August 12. This preceded a collaboration with Bad Bunny titled “Mia”, which featured Drake performing in Spanish.[238] He subsequently received the award for Hot Ticket Performer at the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 16. During a performance in Edmonton on November 7, Drake announced his intention to begin composing his next project in early 2019.[239]
In February 2019, he received his fourth Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, for “God’s Plan”, at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.[240] During his speech, producers abruptly cut to a commercial break, leading viewers to speculate they were censoring his speech during which he criticized The Recording Academy.[241] A legal representative for the Academy then released a statement stating “a natural pause [led] the producers [to] assume that he was done and cut to commercial,” and added the organization offered him an opportunity to return to stage, but he declined.[242]
On February 14, Drake re-released his third mixtape, So Far Gone, onto streaming services for the first time to commemorate its 10-year anniversary,[243] and later collaborated with Summer Walker on a remix of Walker’s song “Girls Need Love”, marking his first release of 2019.[244] On April 10, during a performance on the Assassination Vacation Tour, he announced he was working on a new album.[245] On June 8, Drake appeared on Chris Brown’s single “No Guidance”.[246] On June 15, Drake released two songs, “Omertà” and “Money in the Grave”, on his EP The Best in the World Pack to celebrate the NBA Championship win of the Toronto Raptors.[247] On August 2, he released the compilation album Care Package, consisting of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming;[248] it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[249]
Drake released the song “War” on December 24, 2019 with an accompanying music video. The song was noted for its UK drill-inspired instrumental.[250][251][252] The following day, in an interview with Rap Radar, it was revealed that he was in the process of completing his sixth studio album.[253] On January 10, 2020, Drake collaborated with Future on the song “Life Is Good”, which appeared on the album High Off Life.[254] On January 31, the pair again collaborated on the song “Desires”, although it was released for free after being leaked.[255] On February 29, Drake released the songs “When to Say When” and “Chicago Freestyle” with a combined music video.[256] On April 3, Drake released “Toosie Slide” with a music video. The song and music video feature a dance, which was created with the help of social media influencer Toosie.[257] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Drake the first male artist to have three songs debut at number one.[258]
On May 1, 2020, Drake released the commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes, with guest appearances by Chris Brown, Future, Young Thug, Playboi Carti, Fivio Foreign, and Sosa Geek.[259] He also announced that his sixth studio album will be released in the summer of 2020.[260] The mixtape is a compilation of new songs and tracks that leaked on the internet.[261] It received mixed reviews and debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with 223,000 album-equivalent units,[262] and at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning 20,000 units in its first week.[263]
On July 17, 2020, Drake was featured on DJ Khaled’s two singles, “Greece” and “Popstar”,[264] debuting at numbers eight and three on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, becoming Drake’s record-extending 24th and 25th debuts in the Hot 100’s top 10. It also became his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries, breaking Madonna’s record for most Hot 100 top ten hits.[265] On July 20, Drake and British rapper Headie One released the drill track “Only You Freestyle”, making it the third drill-inspired song released by Drake in 2020, following “War” and “Demons”, both of which appear on Dark Lane Demo Tapes.[266] On August 14, Drake released “Laugh Now Cry Later” featuring Lil Durk, the lead single from his upcoming album Certified Lover Boy.[267] On September 3, the video for “Popstar” was released, in which Drake makes a cameo appearance.[268] On October 2, Drake was the solo guest feature, on “Outta Time”, from Bryson Tiller’s album Anniversary (2020).[269] He subsequently appeared on the remix to “You’re Mines Still”, alongside Yung Bleu on October 16;[270] just over a week later, on his 34th birthday, Drake announced Certified Lover Boy is set to be released in January 2021.[271][272]
On December 1, he reunited with Lil Wayne on “B.B. King Freestyle”, the lead single from the latter’s double-disc mixtape No Ceilings 3 (2020).[273]
Drake has cited several hip hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Kanye West,[274]Jay Z,[275]MF DOOM,[276] and Lil Wayne,[277] while also attributing various R&B artists as influential to the incorporation of the genre into his own music, including Aaliyah[278] and Usher.[279] Drake has also credited several dancehall artists for later influencing his Caribbean-inflected style, including Vybz Kartel, whom he has called one of his “biggest inspirations”.[280][281]
While Drake’s earlier music primarily spanned hip hop and R&B, his music has delved into pop and trap in recent years.[282] Additionally, his music has drawn influence from regional scenes, including Jamaican dancehall[281] and UK drill.[252] Drake is known for his egotistical lyrics, technical ability, and integration of personal backstory when dealing with relationships with women.[283] His vocal abilities have been lauded for an audible contrast between typical hip-hop beats and melody, with sometimes abrasive rapping coupled with softer accents, delivered on technical lyricism.[284] His songs often include audible changes in lyrical pronunciation in parallel with his upbringing in Toronto, and connections with Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries which include such phrases as “ting”, “touching road”, “talkin’ boasy” and “gwanin’ wassy”.[284] Most of his songs contain R&B and Canadian hip hop elements, and he combines rapping with singing.[285] He credits his father with the introduction of singing into his rap mixtapes, which have become a staple in his musical repertoire. His incorporation of melody into technically complex lyrics was supported by Lil Wayne, and has subsequently been a critically acclaimed component to Drake’s singles and albums.[286]
The lyrical content that Drake deploys is typically considered to be emotional[287] or boastful.[288] However, Drake is often revered for incorporating “degrading” themes of money, drug use, and women into newer, idealized contexts, often achieving this through his augmentation of the typical meaning of phrases in which he combines an objective and subjective perspective into one vocal delivery. His songs often maintain tension between “pause and pace, tone timbre, and volume and vocal fermata.”[289] Drake is credited with innovating what has been referred to as “hyper-reality rap”, which is characterized by its focus on themes of celebrity as being distinct from the “real world.”[290]
A prominent figure in pop culture,[291] Drake is widely credited for popularizing the Toronto sound to the music industry and leading the “Canadian Invasion” of the American charts.[292][293][294][295][296]The Washington Post editor Maura Judkis credits Drake for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States with his single “The Motto”, which includes, “You only live once: that’s the motto, nigga, YOLO.”[297] Drake later popularized the term “The Six” in 2015 in relation to his hometown Toronto, subsequently becoming a point of reference to the city.[298] Furthermore, the subject matter of his artistry often revolving around relationships have had widespread impact on social media through photo captions commonly used to reference emotions or personal situations.[299] However, his lyrical contents have had a negative reception from fans and critics deeming him as sensitive, a trait that is understood as being antithetical to hip hop culture.[300] June 10 was declared “Drake Day” in Houston, Texas.[301][302][303] In 2016, Drake visited Drake University after a show in Des Moines in response to an extensive social media campaign by students that began in 2009, advocating for his appearance.[304][305] In 2016, Drake spoke on the shooting of Alton Sterling, publishing an open letter expressing his concern for the safety of ethnic minorities against police brutality in the United States.[306]
The music video for “Hotline Bling” went viral due to Drake’s eccentric choices in dancing.[307] The video has been remixed, memed, and was heavily commented on due to Drake’s unconventional nature on the song,[308] causing it to gain popularity on YouTube, spawning several parodies.[309] Drake has also been critiqued for his expensive, product placement-heavy attire, exampled by the video for “Hotline Bling”. Drake modelled a $1,500 Moncler Puffer Jacket, a $400 Acne Studios turtleneck, and limited edition Timberland 6″ Classic Boots.[310][311] Moreover, his style and dress sense have caused GQ magazine to describe him as “[one of] the most stylish men alive”.[312]
Drake is the highest-certified digital singles artist ever in the United States, having moved 142 million units based on combined sales and on-demand streams.[16][313] His highest-certified single is “God’s Plan” (11× Platinum), and two of his singles, “God’s Plan” and “Hotline Bling”, have been certified 8× Platinum.[314] He holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most number of charted songs (209) of any artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100,[315][316] the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22).[317] He also has the most number-one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts.[318][319]
As of 2019[update], Drake has won four Grammy Awards from 42 nominations.[320] He has also won 2 MTV Video Music Awards, and has been ranked by Complex on their “Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979” list, awarding Drake the accolade in 2011, 2012, and 2015.[321]Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated “Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014”, adding “the best rapper in 2014 didn’t need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance”.[322] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[323] third on the same chart in 2016[324] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[325] In 2017, he surpassed Adele’s record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[198]
Pitchfork ranked Nothing Was the Same as the 41st best album of the decade “so far”—between 2010 and 2014,[326] and ranked him fifth in the publication’s list of the “Top 10 Music Artists” since 2010.[327][328]
On May 31, 2009, Drake was robbed at gunpoint in Toronto’s Little Italy district and was forced to forfeit a gold and diamond necklace, an Audemars Piguet watch, and $2,000. Two men, Soccerties Cotterell and Paul Lelutiu, were initially charged with armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, three counts of pointing a firearm and possession of stolen property; these charges were later dropped. The men pleaded guilty only to conspiracy to commit robbery, and spent six months in jail.[329]
In 2012, singer Ericka Lee filed a lawsuit against Drake for the usage of her voice on “Marvins Room”. Claiming to have provided the female vocals, Lee also alleged she was owed songwriting credits and royalties.[330] Despite Drake’s legal team countering by claiming that Lee simply requested a credit in the liner notes of the album, the matter was resolved in February 2013, with both parties agreeing to an out-of-court settlement.[331] In 2014, Drake was sued for $300,000 for sampling “Jimmy Smith Rap”, a 1982 single by jazz musician Jimmy Smith. The suit was filed by Smith’s estate, who said Drake never asked for permission when sampling it for the intro on “Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2”, claiming Smith himself would have disagreed as he disliked hip hop.[332][333] Drake would win the lawsuit in 2017, with federal judge William Pauley ruling the content used was transformative, and there was no liability for copyright infringement.[334] Also in 2014, it emerged that Drake was sued by rapper Rappin’ 4-Tay, claiming Drake misused his lyrics when collaborating with YG on the song “Who Do You Love?”. He sought $100,000 for mistreatment and artistic theft, which Drake paid to the rapper later that year.[335] In 2016, Drake caused a nightclub in Oklahoma City to close down, due to his usage of marijuana and other illegal drugs being prevalent at the club.[336]
In 2017, Drake was embroiled in another lawsuit, being sued by producer Detail (Noel Fisher) over an alleged assault in 2014. Fisher claimed Drake’s bodyguard, Nessel “Chubbs” Beezer, punched him in the face and allegedly broke his jaw over musical and financial disputes. Fisher also said the injuries caused him to be hospitalized for days and had to undergo several surgeries, following which he sued for damages related to medical bills and physical and emotional suffering.[337] The case, which was set to undergo trial in May 2018, was dismissed by Superior Court Judge Elaine Lu after Fisher failed to show up for a final status conference. Lu ruled that Beezer solely acted in self-defense.[338]
Drake and Chris Brown were allegedly involved in a physical altercation in June 2012 when Drake and his entourage threw glass bottles at Brown in a SoHo nightclub in Manhattan, New York City. Chris Brown tweeted about the incident and released a song criticizing Drake weeks later.[339][340][341] Despite no response from Drake, he and Brown both appeared in a comedic skit for the 2014 ESPY Awards, and rehearsed the skit together prior to the televised airing, virtually ending the dispute.[342]
In December 2014, Drake was involved in another altercation, being punched by Diddy outside the LIV nightclub in Miami, Florida. The altercation was reported to be over Drake’s usage of the instrumental for “0 to 100 / The Catch Up”, allegedly produced by Boi-1da for Diddy, before Drake appropriated the track for his own use. Drake was later rushed to the ER after aggravating an old arm injury during the dispute.[343] Drake was also involved in a feud with Tyga, stemming from Tyga’s negative comments about him during an interview with Vibe magazine.[344] Drake would later respond on “6 God” and “6PM in New York”, which has been interpreted as directly involved in Tyga’s abrupt removal from Young Money Entertainment.[345]
Further controversy arose in July 2015 when it was alleged by Meek Mill that Drake had used ghostwriters during recording sessions for “RICO”, one of the lead singles off Mill’s second studio album. This proceeded further allegations that Drake did not help in promotion of the album, due to Mill discovering the ghostwriter, widely believed to be Quentin Miller.[346] Despite Miller collaborating with Drake and receiving past credits, Mill assured that Miller had written Drake’s verse for “R.I.C.O.” Soon after, Funkmaster Flex aired reference tracks in support of Mill’s claims, notably for “R.I.C.O.”, “10 Bands”, and “Know Yourself”. This prompted Drake to respond with two diss tracks, titled “Charged Up”[347] and “Back to Back”,[348] in the space of four days. Mill would later respond with “Wanna Know”,[349] before removing it from SoundCloud weeks later.[350] Despite subliminal disses[351][352][353] from either artist,[354] the feud has not been officially reignited. Drake would further seek to denounce Funkmaster Flex during his Madison Square Garden shows on the Summer Sixteen Tour.[355][356] Following Meek Mill’s sentencing of two to four years for probation violation, Drake stated “Free Meek Mill” at a concert in Australia, and ended their rivalry on “Family Feud”.[357]Pusha T would also use the same rationale to criticize Drake on “Infrared” in 2018,[358] prompting Drake to respond with the “Duppy Freestyle” diss track on May 25.[359] Pusha T would directly respond to the track through “The Story of Adidon” on May 29, which presented several claims, including an accusation of Drake fathering a secret child.[360] The pair are considered to have been in a rivalry since 2012, with Drake yet to respond to “The Story of Adidon”.[361]
In 2016, Drake was embroiled in a feud with Joe Budden, stemming from Budden’s derogatory comments when reviewing Views. Drake would allegedly respond to Budden through “4PM in Calabasas”, prompting Budden to respond with two diss tracks in the space of five days, echoing the same sentiment Drake deployed during his feud with Meek Mill. Drake would later appear on “No Shopping” alongside French Montana, directly referencing Budden throughout the song. However, French Montana claimed that Drake’s verse was recorded before the release of Budden’s diss tracks. Despite Budden releasing two further songs in reference to Drake,[362] he has yet to officially respond to Budden.[363] In the same year, Drake mocked Kid Cudi for his mental health, drug use and suicidal urges on “Two Birds, One Stone” after Cudi launched an expletive-filled rant on the artist on Twitter.[364] Cudi later checked into a rehabilitation facility following the release of the song, and continued to disparage Drake in further tweets.[365]
In mid-2018, Drake was embroiled in a feud with long-time collaborator Kanye West.[366] In an appearance on the talk show The Shop in October, Drake recounted several business meetings with West, who voiced his desire to “be Quincy Jones” and work with him, to replicate the producer-artist relationship between Jones and Michael Jackson.[367] West requested Drake play and inform him of upcoming releases, which was agreed to as Drake “felt a genuine vibe” from West, and after West gifted him the beat to “Lift Yourself”, which inspired Drake to begin writing to the instrumental.[368] West then requested Drake to travel to Wyoming to continue working, and arrived a day after close friend 40. 40 said West was working on an album, contradictory to his previous aim of just wanting to “give [Drake] beats”. Drake responded by saying West stated he would release in late 2018, and they should continue on.[369] However, upon his arrival in Wyoming, Drake “[spent] the majority of time working on [West’s] music”, only exploring his own after playing the producer the song “March 14”, which addresses Drake’s relationship with his newborn son and co-parent.[370] This prompted a conversation with West regarding his personal issues, after which, news of his son would be exposed by Pusha T.[371] West would also release “Lift Yourself” and produce “Infrared”, actions that greatly displeased Drake. This prompted him to denounce West in several songs and live performances.[372][373] West would retaliate in a series of tweets in late 2018.[374]
Drake has also been involved in feuds with DMX, Kendrick Lamar,[375]Common,[376]The Weeknd,[377]XXXTentacion, Jay-Z, Tory Lanez,[378] and Ludacris,[379] although the latter five have been reported to be resolved.[380][381][382]
Prior to venturing into business, Drake garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably gaining one with Sprite following his mention of drinking purple drank, a concoction that contains Sprite as a key ingredient.[383][384] In the aftermath of his highly publicized feud with Meek Mill, Drake was also endorsed by fast food restaurants Burger King and Whataburger.[385] Business magazine Forbes commented his endorsement deals and business partnerships “combined heavily” for Drake’s reported pre-tax earnings at $94 million between June 2016 to June 2017, being one of the highest-paid celebrities during that period.[386]
During the composition of Nothing Was the Same, Drake started his own record label in late 2012 with producer Noah “40” Shebib and business partner Oliver El-Khatib. Drake sought for an avenue to release his own music, as well helping in the nurturing of other artists, while Shebib and El-Khatib yearned to start a label with a distinct sound, prompting the trio to team up to form OVO Sound.[387] The name is an abbreviation derived from the October’s Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects. The label is currently distributed by Warner Bros. Records.
Drake, 40, and PartyNextDoor were the label’s inaugural artists. The label houses artists including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, OB O’Brien, Roy Woods, dvsn, Plaza, and Kash Doll,[388] as well as producers including 40, Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie, Nineteen85, and Future the Prince. OVO Sound has released six albums, with two certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
On September 30, 2013, at a press conference with Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke,[389] Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise, in conjunction with the announcement of the 2016 NBA All-Star Game being awarded to the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.[390][391][392] This was also the setting where Drake was given The Key to the City.[393] In the role, it was announced that Drake would help to promote and serve as a host of festivities, beginning with the All-Star Game. He would also provide consulting services to rebrand the team, helping to redesign its image and clothing line in commemoration of the franchise’s 20th anniversary.[389][394][395][396] He began by hosting an annual “Drake Night” segment with the organization, which began in 2013.[397]
Following the launch of Apple Music, a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc., the company announced Drake as the figurehead for the platform at their Worldwide Developers Conference in 2015, with the artist also penning an exclusivity deal with the service worth a reported $19 million.[398] This saw all future solo releases by Drake becoming available first on Apple Music, before seeing roll out to other streaming services and music retailers.[399] Drake had also developed the OVO Sound Radio station on Beats 1, which is utilized as the primary avenue for debuting singles and projects, with the station overseeing over 300 million unique users when it debuted More Life.[400] Drake’s partnership with Apple Music has largely been credited for the platform’s sharp success, as it attained 10 million subscribers after six months, as well as giving birth to exclusivity from artists, with many independent and signed artists, such as Frank Ocean and The Weeknd, also brokering exclusivity deals with streaming services.[401] Through signing with the company, Drake was one of the artists, alongside Pharrell and Katy Perry, to exclusively own an Apple Watch before the smartwatch saw public release.[402]
In 2017, Drake and Adel “Future” Nur co-founded the production company DreamCrew, which functions both as a management company and entertainment group. The company has produced the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[403] Their debut film as producers was with LeBron James and a production company, Uninterrupted, on the sports documentary The Carter Effect, detailing the impact of Vince Carter in Canada.[404]
In 2018, Drake purchased an ownership stake in the gaming organization 100 Thieves, joining as a co-founder and co-owner. The investment was partly funded by music executive Scooter Braun and Quicken Loans chairman Dan Gilbert. Since the investment, the stake is estimated to be worth $125 million.[405][406][407]
Two months prior to the release of Views, Drake announced the development of Virginia Black, a bourbon-based whiskey.[408] This would be his second foray into selling foodstuffs, previously partnering with celebrity chef Susur Lee to open Fring’s Restaurant in Toronto.[409] The beverage was created and also distributed alongside Proximo Spirits, as well as with Brent Hocking, a spirits producer who founded DeLeón Tequila in 2008.[410] The company described the partnership as “fruitful [as they] share a passion for style, music, and the pursuit of taste [on] a quest to redefine whiskey.”[411]
The product was launched in June 2016, and contained two, three and four-year old Bourbon whiskies. The company sold over 4,000 bottles in the first week domestically.[412] The brand was also promoted and marketed through Drake’s music and various tours, such as being part of the “Virginia Black VIP Lounge” additional package available for purchase during the Summer Sixteen Tour. Virginia Black shipped a further 30,000 units when rollout was extended to select international markets in late 2016.[413] The company later aired commercials with Drake’s father, Dennis Graham, which featured the tagline of “The Realest Dude Ever” (in reference toward “The Most Interesting Man in the World” tagline employed by Dos Equis) after extending the sale of the drink to Europe in 2017.[205]
In December 2013, Drake announced he was signing with Nike and Air Jordan, saying “growing up, I’m sure we all idolized Michael Jordan. I [am] officially inducted into the Team Jordan family.”[414] Drake also released his own collection of Air Jordans, dubbed the “Air Jordan OVOs”.[415] This foresaw collaborations between OVO and Canada Goose,[416] in which various items of clothing were produced.[417] In 2020, A Bathing Ape announced a collaboration with Drake, releasing an OVO x BAPE collection of clothing,[418] while he also partnered with candle manufacturer Revolve to create a line of self-scented candles.[419]
In December 2020, Drake announced a sub-label with Nike called Nocta. In a press release, Drake said “I always felt like there was an opportunity for Nike to embrace an entertainer the same way [as] athletes,” he wrote, “to be associated with the highest level possible was always my goal.”[420] The apparel line is named after Drake’s “nocturnal creative process”, in which Nike described as a “collection for the collective”, and noted by GQ as “fashion-forward, minimal-inspired sportswear”.[421] After the first collection sold out, another will be released in February 2021, which will introduce t-shirts, adjustable caps, a utility vest, and a lightweight jacket.[422]
Drake lives in Toronto, Ontario, in a 35,000-square-foot, $100 million estate nicknamed “The Embassy”,[423][424][425] which was built from the ground-up in 2017,[426][427] and is seen in the video to his song “Toosie Slide”. He also has a home in Hidden Hills, California, which he has owned since 2012.[428][429] Additionally, he owns a Toronto condo adjacent to the CN Tower[430] and a Boeing 767 airplane.[431][432]
Drake’s paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges.[433][434] Graham achieved both critical and commercial success as a member of the band Sly and the Family Stone,[435] while Hodges featured as the lead guitarist and songwriter for Al Green, and contributed heavily on most of his work in the 1970s, including the hits “Take Me to the River”, “Love and Happiness”, and “Here I Am (Come and Take Me)”.[436][437]
Drake dated singer Rihanna on-and-off from 2009 to 2016.[438] He has mentioned the relationship in every one of his studio albums,[439] and when presenting Rihanna with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016, he said “she’s a woman I’ve been in love with since I was 22 years old.”[440] On his former relationship with her, he said on the talk show The Shop:
As life takes shape and teaches you your own lessons, I end up in this situation where I don’t have the fairy tale, like, ‘Oh, Drake started a family with Rihanna and this is like so perfect.’ It looks so good on paper. By the way, I wanted that too at one time.[441]
Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017[442][443] to French painter[444] and former model[443][445][446] Sophie Brussaux.[447] Brussaux’s pregnancy was the subject of several rumours after featuring in a TMZ article in early 2017.[445] After the nature of the pair’s relationship was discussed in Pusha T’s “The Story of Adidon”, Drake confirmed his fatherhood on the album Scorpion in 2018, citing a desire for his child’s privacy.[446][448]
Studio albums
Aubrey Drake Graham[6] (born October 24, 1986) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, and entrepreneur.[7] A prominent figure in popular music, Drake is credited for popularizing the Toronto sound. He first gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001-2007); intent on pursuing a career in music, he left the series after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement. He released two more independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Young Money Entertainment.[8]
Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. He achieved major critical success with Take Care (2011), and commercial success with Nothing Was the Same (2013)[9] and his first commercial mixtape If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late (2015); the later two were certified multi-platinum in the US.[10] Drake’s fourth album Views (2016) sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks, becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade.[11] Marketed as a playlist, Drake’s second solo commercial mixtape More Life (2017) set multiple streaming records.[12] In 2018, he released the double album Scorpion, which produced three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.[13] Drake’s third commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) featured the Hot 100 number-one lead single “Toosie Slide”.
As an entrepreneur, Drake founded the OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator 40 in 2012. In 2013, Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise. In 2016, Drake announced his development with American entrepreneur Brent Hocking of the bourbon whiskey Virginia Black; it eventually broke sale records in Canada.[14] He has also designed fashion, the most notable including a sub-label collaboration with Nike, alongside other business ventures. In 2018, Drake was reportedly responsible for 5% (CAD$440 million) of Toronto’s CAD$8.8 billion total annual tourism income.[15]دریک
Among the world’s best-selling music artists, with over 170 million records sold, Drake is ranked as the highest-certified digital singles artist in the United States by the RIAA.[16] He has won four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a record 27 Billboard Music Awards, two Brit Awards and three Juno Awards. Drake also holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most charted songs (209) of any artists ever on the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most continuous time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22). He also has the most number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Songs, and Rhythmic Airplay.
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24, 1986 in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Dennis Graham, is African American and a practising Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, who worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis.[17][18] His mother, Sandra “Sandi” Graham (née Sher), is a Canadian of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage who worked as an English teacher and florist.[19][20][21][22][23] Dennis Graham performed at Club Bluenote in Toronto, where he met Sandra Sher, who was in attendance.[18] Drake is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada.[24][25][26] In his youth, he attended a Jewish day school, and became a bar mitzvah.[27][28]
Drake’s parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto; his father returned to Memphis, where he was incarcerated for a number of years on drug-related charges.[29] Graham’s limited finances and legal issues caused him to remain in the United States until Drake’s early adulthood. Prior to his arrest, however, Graham would travel to Toronto and bring Drake to Memphis every summer.[30][31][32] His father later collaborated with Canadian music group Arkells on the music video for a song titled “Drake’s Dad”.[33] Graham claimed in an interview that Drake’s assertions of him being an absent father were embellishments used to sell records,[34] which Drake vehemently denies.[35]
Drake was raised in two Toronto neighbourhoods. He lived on Weston Road in the city’s working-class west end[31] until grade six, playing minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings.[36] He then moved to one of the city’s affluent neighbourhoods, Forest Hill, in 2000.[37][38] When asked about the move, Drake replied, “[We had] a half of a house we could live in. The other people had the top half, we had the bottom half. I lived in the basement, my mom lived on the first floor. It was not big, it was not luxurious. It was what we could afford.”[39]
He attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute, where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts, first acting while an active student at the school.[40] He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city’s multicultural Oakwood–Vaughan neighbourhood. Due to the economic status associated with the neighbourhood, Drake described the school as “not by any means the easiest school to go to.”[31] Drake was often bullied at school for his racial and religious background,[41] and upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career, Drake dropped out of school.[42] He later graduated in October 2012.[43]
At age 15, eager to begin as an actor, a high school friend introduced Drake to his father, an acting agent.[44] The agent found Drake a role on the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation. Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks,[45] a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate. When asked about his early acting career, Drake replied, “My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was [from] Canadian TV.”[31] He appeared in a total of 100 episodes between 2001 and 2008.[46] In 2010, Drake expressed interest in playing Barack Obama in a biopic, to which Obama responded to with approval in an interview in 2020.[47]
After becoming musically inspired by Jay-Z and Clipse, Drake self-released his debut mixtape, Room for Improvement, in 2006. The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco, and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi-1da and Frank Dukes. When asked about the mixtape, Drake described the project as “pretty straightforward, radio friendly, [and] not much content to it.” Room for Improvement was released for sale only and sold roughly 6,000 copies,[45] for which Drake received $304.04 in royalty payments.[49] In 2007, he released his second mixtape Comeback Season. Released from his recently founded October’s Very Own label, it spawned the single “Replacement Girl” featuring Trey Songz. The song made Drake become the first unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video on BET, with “Replacement Girl” featured on their “New Joint of the Day” segment in April 2007.[50] The song also saw Drake sample “Man of the Year” by Brisco, Flo Rida and Lil Wayne, retaining Lil Wayne’s verse, and adjoined his own to the song’s earlier half. This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song, which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston to join his Tha Carter III tour.[51] Throughout the duration of the tour, Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together, including “Ransom”, “Forever”, and a remix to “Brand New”.[51] Despite the collaborations between the duo, Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment.
In 2009, Drake released his third mixtape So Far Gone. It was made available for free download through his OVO blog website, and featured Lil Wayne, Trey Songz, Omarion, Lloyd, and Bun B. It received over 2,000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release, finding mainstream commercial success from the singles “Best I Ever Had” and “Successful”, both gaining Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the former also peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[52] This prompted the mixtape’s re-release as an EP, featuring only four songs from the original, as well as the additions of the songs “I’m Goin’ In” and “Fear”. It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.[53]
Due to the success of the mixtape,[54] Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels, often reported as “one of the biggest bidding wars ever”.[55] Despite this, Drake was rumoured to have secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment on June 29, 2009.[56] This was later confirmed following a planned lawsuit from Young Money, in conjunction with Drake, against an unauthorized album titled The Girls Love Drake, which was released on iTunes under dubious means.[57][vague]
Drake then joined the rest of the label’s roster on the America’s Most Wanted Tour in July 2009.[58] However, during a performance of “Best I Ever Had” in Camden, New Jersey, Drake fell on stage and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee.[59] He underwent surgery later that year.
Drake planned to release his debut album, Thank Me Later, in late 2008, but the album’s release date was postponed, first to March 2010,[60] and then to May 25, 2010.[61]Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had again been pushed back three weeks for a June 15, 2010 release.[60][62]
On March 9, 2010, Drake released the debut single “Over”,[63] which peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as topping the Rap Songs chart. It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[64] His second single, “Find Your Love”, became an even bigger success. It peaked at number five on the Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[65] The music video for the single was shot in Kingston, Jamaica, and was criticized by Jamaica’s minister of tourism Edmund Bartlett. Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video, saying, “care has to be taken by all, including our creative artists, in [showcasing] images of our destination and people. Gun culture, while not unique to Jamaica, is not enhancing [the island’s image].”[66] The third single and fourth singles, “Miss Me” and “Fancy” respectively,[67] attained moderate commercial success; however, the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.[68] On April 29, it was reportedly announced that Drake had finished Thank Me Later during a show in Kansas City, Missouri.[69]
Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010,[70] debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447,000 copies in its first week.[71] Upon the album’s release, 25,000 fans gathered at New York City’s South Street Seaport for a free concert hosted by Drake and Hanson, which was later cancelled by the police after a near-riot ensued due to overflowing crowds.[72] The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010,[73] and featured Lil Wayne, Kanye West,[74] and Jay Z.[75]
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in the military science fiction video game Gears of War 3. He was scheduled to play the role of Jace Stratton, but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour[76] prevented him from accepting the role.[77] He began the tour on September 20, 2010 in Miami, Florida, performing at 78 shows over four different legs.[78] It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010.[79] Due to the success of the Away from Home Tour, Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010. It would soon become a regular event during the summer, with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle. Drake also had an eco-friendly college tour to support the album, beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois. It concluded in Plymouth, New Hampshire on May 8, and he also performed at The Bamboozle on May 1.[80][81]
Beginning his second effort in fall 2010,[82] Drake announced his intentions to allow Noah “40” Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later, which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others.[83] In November 2010, Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care.[84] In comparison to his debut album, Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album, stating, “I didn’t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record. I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn’t get to sit with the record and say, ‘I should change this verse.’ Once it was done, it was done. That’s why my new album is called Take Care, because I get to take my time this go-round.”[85] Drake sought to expand on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic esthetic of Thank Me Later.[86][87] Primarily a hip hop album, Drake also attempted to incorporate R&B and pop to create a languid, grandiose sound.[88]
In January 2011, Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki’s Arbitrage,[89] before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie to focus on the album. “Dreams Money Can Buy”[90] and “Marvins Room”[86] were released on Drake’s October’s Very Own Blog, on May 20 and June 9, respectively. Acting as promotional singles for Take Care, the former was eventually unincluded on the album’s final track listing, while “Marvins Room” gained Gold certification by the RIAA,[91] as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100,[92] and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart,[93] coupled with extensive play on contemporary urban radio.[94] Drake would soon release the song’s music video on June 28.[95]
“Headlines” was released on August 9 as the lead single for Take Care. It was met with positive critical and commercial response, reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100, as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs, making Drake the artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, with 12.[96] It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada.[97] The music video for the single was released on October 2, and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All-Star Game in January 2012.[98] “Make Me Proud” was released as the album’s second single on October 16.[99] It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album, and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] The song reached number nine the following week, tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist, with 88.[100] “Make Me Proud” soon became Drake’s fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA.[101]
Prior to the album’s release, Drake planned to record a collaborative album with Lil Wayne; however, it was ultimately scrapped due to the success of Watch the Throne.[102][103][104] He also began collaborations with Rick Ross for a mixtape titled Y.O.L.O., but the duo decided against the project in favor of increased concern for their respective studio albums.[105][106]
Take Care was released on November 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews from music critics.[107] John McDonnell of NME dubbed it “an affecting masterpiece” and commended its “delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics.”[108]Pitchfork’s Ryan Dombal found Drake’s “technical abilities” to be improved and stated, “Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up.”[109] Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it “a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West.”[110]Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake’s “moral psychodramas” and stated, “the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.”[111] It also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, and achieved great commercial success, eventually being certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016, with sales for the album marking 2.6 million in the U.S.[112]
The album’s third and fourth singles, “The Motto” and Take Care”, were released on November 29, 2011[91] and February 21, 2012, respectively.[113] Each song was subject to commercial success, while also having large societal impacts, with “The Motto” credited for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States.[114][115] The music video for “Take Care” saw widespread acclaim, with MTV stating, “None of his contemporaries – not even the ever-obtuse Kanye [West] – make videos like this, mostly because no one else can get away with it.”[116] The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Video of the Year.[117] The song was also featured on the channel’s “Pop Songs You Must Hear” list of 2011.[118] “HYFR” was the final single to be released from the album, and became certified Gold.[119][120] It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video in 2012,[28][121] and the channel ranked him number two on their “Hottest MCs in the Game” list.[122]
In promotion of his second album, Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour. It became the most successful hip hop tour of 2012, grossing over $42 million.[123] He then returned to acting, starring in Ice Age: Continental Drift as Ethan.[124]
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour, Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album. Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album’s executive producer, Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx, hoping to include and expand the British producer’s influence over his next album.[125] Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care, departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent previously.[126]
In January 2013, Drake announced that he would release the first single off his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.[127][128] Despite an initial delay, it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event, and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album.[129] The album’s second single, “Hold On, We’re Going Home”, was released in August 2013, becoming the most successful single off the album, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[130] Drake sought inspiration from the 1980s television series Miami Vice during the composition of the song’s music video, incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show en route to winning his second MTV Video Music Award in 2014 for the video.[131][132][133] Drake appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the album’s third single, “Too Much”, alongside featured artist Sampha.[134]
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24, 2013, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 658,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[135] The album debuted atop the charts in Canada, Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. The album also enjoyed generally favourable reviews by contemporary music critics, commending the musical shift in terms of the tone and subject matter, comparing it to the distinct change showcased in Kanye West’s 808s & Heartbreak.[136] The album was also reported to have sold over 1,720,000 copies in the United States, and was further promoted by the “Would You like a Tour?” throughout late 2013 to early 2014.[137] It became the 22nd-most successful tour of the year, grossing an estimated $46 million.[138] Drake then returned to acting in January 2014, hosting Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as the musical guest. His versatility, acting ability and comedic timing were all praised by critics, describing it as what “kept him afloat during the tough and murky SNL waters”.[139][140][141] Drake also performed in Dubai, being one of the only artists ever to perform in the city.[142] In late 2014, Drake announced that he began recording sessions for his fourth studio album.[143]
In 2014, Drake performed in Spanish as a featured artist on the Romeo Santos song “Odio”. He also appeared on a remix of “Tuesday” by ILoveMakonnen, which peaked at number one on Billboard’s Rhythmic chart and number twelve on the “Hot 100”, and released “0 to 100 / The Catch Up” as a non-album single. The latter went double platinum in the United States.
On February 12, 2015, Drake released If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late onto iTunes with no prior announcement. Despite debate on whether it was an album[144] or a mixtape,[145] its commercial stance quantifies it as his fourth retail project with Cash Money Records, a scheme that was rumoured to allow Drake to leave the label.[146][147] However, he eventually remained with Cash Money, and If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late sold over 1 million units in 2015, making Drake the first artist with a platinum project in 2015, as well as his fourth overall.[148]
On July 31, 2015, Drake released four singles: “Back to Back”, “Charged Up”, “Hotline Bling”, and “Right Hand”. On September 20, 2015, Drake released a collaborative mixtape with Future,[149][150] which was recorded in Atlanta in just under a week.[151]
What a Time to Be Alive debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Drake the first hip hop artist to have two projects reach number one in the same year since 2004.[152] It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of over 1 million units.[153] Drake also appeared on the cover of The Fader for their 100th issue.[154]
Drake announced in January 2016 that his fourth studio album would be launched during the spring, releasing the promotional single “Summer Sixteen” later that month. The album was originally titled Views from the 6, but was later shortened to Views.[155] “Summer Sixteen” debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and proved controversial, with Drake comparing his standing in hip hop to more tenured artists. This move divided many contemporary music critics, describing his self-comparison as “goodly brash” or “conventionally disrespectful.”[156][157][158] It was also interpreted as a diss track towards Tory Lanez, who was unhappy at Drake for popularizing the term “The Six” when referencing Toronto.[159][160] Drake also crashed a Bat Mitzvah in New York City on February 20, performing at the event.[161]
Drake soon released the album’s lead singles, “Pop Style” and the dancehall-infused “One Dance”, on April 5. Both debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100;[162] however, the latter proved more commercially successful, with “One Dance” becoming Drake’s first number-one single in Canada and the US as a leading artist.[163][164] The single also became Drake’s first number one single as a lead artist in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number one in Germany, France, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Norway and the Netherlands.[165][166] During an episode for OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed the album’s release date of April 29, and followed it up with various promotional videos.[167] On October 15, “One Dance” became Spotify’s most-streamed song ever, amassing over 882 million plays as of October 2016[update].[168]
Views was previewed in London before its premiere on Beats 1 a day later. It was released as an Apple Music and iTunes exclusive on April 29 before being made available to various other platforms later that week.[169][170]Views would become Drake’s most commercially successful album, sitting atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks, as well as simultaneously leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 for eight weeks. It also achieved double-platinum status in the U.S., and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release, as well as gaining over half-billion overall streams of the album.[171][172][173] Despite its success, critical opinion towards the album remained much divided, drawing criticism for being overlong and lacking in a cohesive theme, while also claiming Drake was not challenging himself artistically, as opposed to his contemporaries.[174] He later released a short film titled Please Forgive Me, starring frequent collaborators and Swedish twin models Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta.[175] As of 2019[update], Views remains Drake’s best-selling album.
Drake returned to host Saturday Night Live on May 14, serving as the show’s musical guest.[176] Later, Drake was named as a member of the Forbes Five, which ranks the wealthiest artists in hip-hop, placing fifth after Birdman, Jay Z, Dr. Dre, and Diddy respectively.[177] Drake and Future then announced the Summer Sixteen Tour to showcase their collective mixtape, as well as their respective studio albums. This marked Drake’s third co-headlining tour, which began in Austin, Texas on July 20.[178][179][180] On July 23, Drake announced that he was working on a new project, scheduled to be released in early 2017,[181] and was later named as the headline act for the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.[182] The latter dates of the Summer Sixteen Tour were postponed, however, due to Drake suffering an ankle injury.[183] During the 2016 OVO Festival, Kanye West confirmed that he and Drake had begun working on a collaborative album.[184] Soon after, the music video for “Child’s Play” was released, depicting Drake and Tyra Banks playing a couple encountering relationship issues at the Cheesecake Factory in a reference to one of the song’s lyrics.[185] On September 26, Please Forgive Me was released as an Apple Music exclusive. It ran a total of 25 minutes, and featured music from Views.[186] At the 2016 BET Hip-Hop Awards, Drake received the most nominations, with 10,[187] winning the awards for Album of the Year and Best Hip-Hop Video.[188][189] Drake later announced the Boy Meets World Tour on October 10, with twenty-six dates announced for the course of the tour in Europe.[190] Seven additional dates were added a day later due to overwhelming demand.[191]
Soon after, during an episode of OVO Sound Radio, Drake confirmed he would be releasing a project titled More Life in December. However, he later pushed the date back to the new year. The project was described as a “playlist of original music”, rather than being classified as a traditional mixtape or solo album.[192] He was later revealed to be Spotify’s most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015.[193] Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony.[194] Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced More Life would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram.[195] Upon release, More Life received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the Billboard 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[196] It also set a streaming record, becoming the highest ever streamed album in 24 hours, with a total of 89.9 million streams on Apple Music alone. The album also garnered 61.3 million streams on Spotify, dethroning Ed Sheeran’s ÷ as the highest opening on the service in a single day.[197] He later won 13 awards at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards in May, which saw him breaking the record for the most wins in a single show.[198]Billboard also reported Drake had been present on the Hot 100 chart for eight consecutive years, and has the most recorded entries by a solo artist.[199]
He then released the single “Signs” on June 24, as well as reuniting with Metro Boomin on a single with Offset.[200][201] The singles marked his first releases since More Life, with “Signs” was initially released as a collaboration between Drake and French fashion house Louis Vuitton, as part of the “Louis Vuitton Men’s Spring-Summer 2018” fashion show.[202] The event also had a playlist exclusively from OVO Sound, curated by label co-founder Oliver El-Khatib.[203] Drake hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and starred in multiple commercials alongside his father in promotion of Virginia Black.[204][205] Drake also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary, honouring the basketball career of Vince Carter, who was the first superstar player to play for the Toronto Raptors since the franchise’s inception in 1995.[206] The documentary also featured NBA players Chris Bosh, Tracy McGrady, Steve Nash, and LeBron James.
After rumours circulated of Drake possibly collaborating with various artists, including rapper Trippie Redd and producer Pi’erre Bourne, for his new studio album, multiple snippets of songs were leaked near the closing end of 2017.[207][208][209] Two songs would later be released as members of a mini EP, titled Scary Hours, on January 20, 2018, marking Drake’s first solo release since More Life, as well as his first appearance on any song after featuring on a remix of the Jay-Z song “Family Feud” with Lil Wayne, as the lead single of the latter’s Dedication 6: Reloaded mixtape.[210]Scary Hours featured the songs “Diplomatic Immunity” and “God’s Plan”, which both debuted within the top-ten, with the latter eventually breaking various streaming records as it debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[211][212][213] The song was Drake’s first song as a solo artist to reach number one, as well as his second chart topper as a lead artist.
دریک
Drake earned his 70th top 40 entry after featuring on the Migos song “Walk It Talk It”, which debuted at number eighteen, and peaked at number ten.[214] He was later featured on BlocBoy JB’s debut single “Look Alive”, which was released on February 9, 2018.[215] The song’s entry at number six on the Hot 100 made Drake the rapper with the most top 10 hits on the Hot 100, with 23.[216] He then featured on a remix to “Lemon”, a song originally released as a collaboration between band N.E.R.D and Rihanna. On April 5, Drake announced he was finishing his fifth studio album and he was releasing a single later that night.[217] On April 6, “Nice for What” was released, alongside a music video directed by Karena Evans, which featured several female celebrities.[218][219]
After “Nice For What” replaced his own “God’s Plan” on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one, making him the first artist to have a new number-one debut replace their former number-one debut, Drake announced the title of his fifth studio album as Scorpion, with a planned release date of June 29, 2018.[220][221] He then released “I’m Upset” on May 26 as the album’s third single.[222]Scorpion was then released as a double-album, and marked Drake’s longest project, with a run-time of just under 90 minutes. The album broke both the one-day global records on Spotify and Apple Music, as it gained 132.45 million and 170 million plays on each streaming service, respectively.[223] It eventually sold 749,000 album equivalent units in its first week of sales, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[224][225] In 2018, articles by The Guardian and Rolling Stone called him “the definitive pop star of his generation” and “perhaps [the] biggest post-Justin Timberlake male pop star of the new millennium”, respectively.[226][227]
Shortly thereafter, Drake collaborated with British hip hop promotion Link Up TV on July 7, releasing a freestyle as a part of the promotion’s ‘Behind Barz’ segment,[228] before releasing another freestyle a week later after featuring on Charlie Sloth’s long-running Fire in the Booth program on BBC Radio 1Xtra.[229] Drake then earned his sixth number-one hit with “In My Feelings” on July 21,[230] which also spawned the viral “#InMyFeelingsChallenge” or “#KiKiChallenge”.[231][232][233] The success of “In My Feelings” also made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers.[234] Soon after, he released the music video for “Nonstop”, which was filmed in London during his surprise performance at the Wireless Festival.[235]
He then appeared on the Travis Scott album Astroworld, featuring uncredited vocals for his song “Sicko Mode”, which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[236] Drake announced in July 2018 that he planned to “take 6 months to a year” to himself to return to television and films, producing the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[237] He then began the Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour with co-headliners Migos on August 12. This preceded a collaboration with Bad Bunny titled “Mia”, which featured Drake performing in Spanish.[238] He subsequently received the award for Hot Ticket Performer at the 2018 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 16. During a performance in Edmonton on November 7, Drake announced his intention to begin composing his next project in early 2019.[239]
In February 2019, he received his fourth Grammy Award for Best Rap Song, for “God’s Plan”, at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.[240] During his speech, producers abruptly cut to a commercial break, leading viewers to speculate they were censoring his speech during which he criticized The Recording Academy.[241] A legal representative for the Academy then released a statement stating “a natural pause [led] the producers [to] assume that he was done and cut to commercial,” and added the organization offered him an opportunity to return to stage, but he declined.[242]
On February 14, Drake re-released his third mixtape, So Far Gone, onto streaming services for the first time to commemorate its 10-year anniversary,[243] and later collaborated with Summer Walker on a remix of Walker’s song “Girls Need Love”, marking his first release of 2019.[244] On April 10, during a performance on the Assassination Vacation Tour, he announced he was working on a new album.[245] On June 8, Drake appeared on Chris Brown’s single “No Guidance”.[246] On June 15, Drake released two songs, “Omertà” and “Money in the Grave”, on his EP The Best in the World Pack to celebrate the NBA Championship win of the Toronto Raptors.[247] On August 2, he released the compilation album Care Package, consisting of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming;[248] it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[249]
Drake released the song “War” on December 24, 2019 with an accompanying music video. The song was noted for its UK drill-inspired instrumental.[250][251][252] The following day, in an interview with Rap Radar, it was revealed that he was in the process of completing his sixth studio album.[253] On January 10, 2020, Drake collaborated with Future on the song “Life Is Good”, which appeared on the album High Off Life.[254] On January 31, the pair again collaborated on the song “Desires”, although it was released for free after being leaked.[255] On February 29, Drake released the songs “When to Say When” and “Chicago Freestyle” with a combined music video.[256] On April 3, Drake released “Toosie Slide” with a music video. The song and music video feature a dance, which was created with the help of social media influencer Toosie.[257] The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Drake the first male artist to have three songs debut at number one.[258]
On May 1, 2020, Drake released the commercial mixtape Dark Lane Demo Tapes, with guest appearances by Chris Brown, Future, Young Thug, Playboi Carti, Fivio Foreign, and Sosa Geek.[259] He also announced that his sixth studio album will be released in the summer of 2020.[260] The mixtape is a compilation of new songs and tracks that leaked on the internet.[261] It received mixed reviews and debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 with 223,000 album-equivalent units,[262] and at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning 20,000 units in its first week.[263]
On July 17, 2020, Drake was featured on DJ Khaled’s two singles, “Greece” and “Popstar”,[264] debuting at numbers eight and three on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively, becoming Drake’s record-extending 24th and 25th debuts in the Hot 100’s top 10. It also became his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries, breaking Madonna’s record for most Hot 100 top ten hits.[265] On July 20, Drake and British rapper Headie One released the drill track “Only You Freestyle”, making it the third drill-inspired song released by Drake in 2020, following “War” and “Demons”, both of which appear on Dark Lane Demo Tapes.[266] On August 14, Drake released “Laugh Now Cry Later” featuring Lil Durk, the lead single from his upcoming album Certified Lover Boy.[267] On September 3, the video for “Popstar” was released, in which Drake makes a cameo appearance.[268] On October 2, Drake was the solo guest feature, on “Outta Time”, from Bryson Tiller’s album Anniversary (2020).[269] He subsequently appeared on the remix to “You’re Mines Still”, alongside Yung Bleu on October 16;[270] just over a week later, on his 34th birthday, Drake announced Certified Lover Boy is set to be released in January 2021.[271][272]
On December 1, he reunited with Lil Wayne on “B.B. King Freestyle”, the lead single from the latter’s double-disc mixtape No Ceilings 3 (2020).[273]
Drake has cited several hip hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Kanye West,[274]Jay Z,[275]MF DOOM,[276] and Lil Wayne,[277] while also attributing various R&B artists as influential to the incorporation of the genre into his own music, including Aaliyah[278] and Usher.[279] Drake has also credited several dancehall artists for later influencing his Caribbean-inflected style, including Vybz Kartel, whom he has called one of his “biggest inspirations”.[280][281]
While Drake’s earlier music primarily spanned hip hop and R&B, his music has delved into pop and trap in recent years.[282] Additionally, his music has drawn influence from regional scenes, including Jamaican dancehall[281] and UK drill.[252] Drake is known for his egotistical lyrics, technical ability, and integration of personal backstory when dealing with relationships with women.[283] His vocal abilities have been lauded for an audible contrast between typical hip-hop beats and melody, with sometimes abrasive rapping coupled with softer accents, delivered on technical lyricism.[284] His songs often include audible changes in lyrical pronunciation in parallel with his upbringing in Toronto, and connections with Caribbean and Middle Eastern countries which include such phrases as “ting”, “touching road”, “talkin’ boasy” and “gwanin’ wassy”.[284] Most of his songs contain R&B and Canadian hip hop elements, and he combines rapping with singing.[285] He credits his father with the introduction of singing into his rap mixtapes, which have become a staple in his musical repertoire. His incorporation of melody into technically complex lyrics was supported by Lil Wayne, and has subsequently been a critically acclaimed component to Drake’s singles and albums.[286]
The lyrical content that Drake deploys is typically considered to be emotional[287] or boastful.[288] However, Drake is often revered for incorporating “degrading” themes of money, drug use, and women into newer, idealized contexts, often achieving this through his augmentation of the typical meaning of phrases in which he combines an objective and subjective perspective into one vocal delivery. His songs often maintain tension between “pause and pace, tone timbre, and volume and vocal fermata.”[289] Drake is credited with innovating what has been referred to as “hyper-reality rap”, which is characterized by its focus on themes of celebrity as being distinct from the “real world.”[290]
A prominent figure in pop culture,[291] Drake is widely credited for popularizing the Toronto sound to the music industry and leading the “Canadian Invasion” of the American charts.[292][293][294][295][296]The Washington Post editor Maura Judkis credits Drake for popularizing the phrase “YOLO” in the United States with his single “The Motto”, which includes, “You only live once: that’s the motto, nigga, YOLO.”[297] Drake later popularized the term “The Six” in 2015 in relation to his hometown Toronto, subsequently becoming a point of reference to the city.[298] Furthermore, the subject matter of his artistry often revolving around relationships have had widespread impact on social media through photo captions commonly used to reference emotions or personal situations.[299] However, his lyrical contents have had a negative reception from fans and critics deeming him as sensitive, a trait that is understood as being antithetical to hip hop culture.[300] June 10 was declared “Drake Day” in Houston, Texas.[301][302][303] In 2016, Drake visited Drake University after a show in Des Moines in response to an extensive social media campaign by students that began in 2009, advocating for his appearance.[304][305] In 2016, Drake spoke on the shooting of Alton Sterling, publishing an open letter expressing his concern for the safety of ethnic minorities against police brutality in the United States.[306]
The music video for “Hotline Bling” went viral due to Drake’s eccentric choices in dancing.[307] The video has been remixed, memed, and was heavily commented on due to Drake’s unconventional nature on the song,[308] causing it to gain popularity on YouTube, spawning several parodies.[309] Drake has also been critiqued for his expensive, product placement-heavy attire, exampled by the video for “Hotline Bling”. Drake modelled a $1,500 Moncler Puffer Jacket, a $400 Acne Studios turtleneck, and limited edition Timberland 6″ Classic Boots.[310][311] Moreover, his style and dress sense have caused GQ magazine to describe him as “[one of] the most stylish men alive”.[312]
Drake is the highest-certified digital singles artist ever in the United States, having moved 142 million units based on combined sales and on-demand streams.[16][313] His highest-certified single is “God’s Plan” (11× Platinum), and two of his singles, “God’s Plan” and “Hotline Bling”, have been certified 8× Platinum.[314] He holds several Billboard chart records; he has the most number of charted songs (209) of any artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100,[315][316] the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week (27), the most time on the Hot 100 (431 weeks), and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week (22).[317] He also has the most number-one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts.[318][319]
As of 2019[update], Drake has won four Grammy Awards from 42 nominations.[320] He has also won 2 MTV Video Music Awards, and has been ranked by Complex on their “Best Rapper Alive Every Year Since 1979” list, awarding Drake the accolade in 2011, 2012, and 2015.[321]Billboard editor Ernest Baker stated “Drake managed to rule hip-hop in 2014”, adding “the best rapper in 2014 didn’t need a new album or hit single to prove his dominance”.[322] Drake was listed fourth on the Billboard year-end chart for Top Artists of 2015,[323] third on the same chart in 2016[324] and was named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016.[325] In 2017, he surpassed Adele’s record for most wins at the Billboard Music Awards in one night, winning 13 awards from 22 nominations.[198]
Pitchfork ranked Nothing Was the Same as the 41st best album of the decade “so far”—between 2010 and 2014,[326] and ranked him fifth in the publication’s list of the “Top 10 Music Artists” since 2010.[327][328]
On May 31, 2009, Drake was robbed at gunpoint in Toronto’s Little Italy district and was forced to forfeit a gold and diamond necklace, an Audemars Piguet watch, and $2,000. Two men, Soccerties Cotterell and Paul Lelutiu, were initially charged with armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, three counts of pointing a firearm and possession of stolen property; these charges were later dropped. The men pleaded guilty only to conspiracy to commit robbery, and spent six months in jail.[329]
In 2012, singer Ericka Lee filed a lawsuit against Drake for the usage of her voice on “Marvins Room”. Claiming to have provided the female vocals, Lee also alleged she was owed songwriting credits and royalties.[330] Despite Drake’s legal team countering by claiming that Lee simply requested a credit in the liner notes of the album, the matter was resolved in February 2013, with both parties agreeing to an out-of-court settlement.[331] In 2014, Drake was sued for $300,000 for sampling “Jimmy Smith Rap”, a 1982 single by jazz musician Jimmy Smith. The suit was filed by Smith’s estate, who said Drake never asked for permission when sampling it for the intro on “Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2”, claiming Smith himself would have disagreed as he disliked hip hop.[332][333] Drake would win the lawsuit in 2017, with federal judge William Pauley ruling the content used was transformative, and there was no liability for copyright infringement.[334] Also in 2014, it emerged that Drake was sued by rapper Rappin’ 4-Tay, claiming Drake misused his lyrics when collaborating with YG on the song “Who Do You Love?”. He sought $100,000 for mistreatment and artistic theft, which Drake paid to the rapper later that year.[335] In 2016, Drake caused a nightclub in Oklahoma City to close down, due to his usage of marijuana and other illegal drugs being prevalent at the club.[336]
In 2017, Drake was embroiled in another lawsuit, being sued by producer Detail (Noel Fisher) over an alleged assault in 2014. Fisher claimed Drake’s bodyguard, Nessel “Chubbs” Beezer, punched him in the face and allegedly broke his jaw over musical and financial disputes. Fisher also said the injuries caused him to be hospitalized for days and had to undergo several surgeries, following which he sued for damages related to medical bills and physical and emotional suffering.[337] The case, which was set to undergo trial in May 2018, was dismissed by Superior Court Judge Elaine Lu after Fisher failed to show up for a final status conference. Lu ruled that Beezer solely acted in self-defense.[338]
Drake and Chris Brown were allegedly involved in a physical altercation in June 2012 when Drake and his entourage threw glass bottles at Brown in a SoHo nightclub in Manhattan, New York City. Chris Brown tweeted about the incident and released a song criticizing Drake weeks later.[339][340][341] Despite no response from Drake, he and Brown both appeared in a comedic skit for the 2014 ESPY Awards, and rehearsed the skit together prior to the televised airing, virtually ending the dispute.[342]
In December 2014, Drake was involved in another altercation, being punched by Diddy outside the LIV nightclub in Miami, Florida. The altercation was reported to be over Drake’s usage of the instrumental for “0 to 100 / The Catch Up”, allegedly produced by Boi-1da for Diddy, before Drake appropriated the track for his own use. Drake was later rushed to the ER after aggravating an old arm injury during the dispute.[343] Drake was also involved in a feud with Tyga, stemming from Tyga’s negative comments about him during an interview with Vibe magazine.[344] Drake would later respond on “6 God” and “6PM in New York”, which has been interpreted as directly involved in Tyga’s abrupt removal from Young Money Entertainment.[345]
Further controversy arose in July 2015 when it was alleged by Meek Mill that Drake had used ghostwriters during recording sessions for “RICO”, one of the lead singles off Mill’s second studio album. This proceeded further allegations that Drake did not help in promotion of the album, due to Mill discovering the ghostwriter, widely believed to be Quentin Miller.[346] Despite Miller collaborating with Drake and receiving past credits, Mill assured that Miller had written Drake’s verse for “R.I.C.O.” Soon after, Funkmaster Flex aired reference tracks in support of Mill’s claims, notably for “R.I.C.O.”, “10 Bands”, and “Know Yourself”. This prompted Drake to respond with two diss tracks, titled “Charged Up”[347] and “Back to Back”,[348] in the space of four days. Mill would later respond with “Wanna Know”,[349] before removing it from SoundCloud weeks later.[350] Despite subliminal disses[351][352][353] from either artist,[354] the feud has not been officially reignited. Drake would further seek to denounce Funkmaster Flex during his Madison Square Garden shows on the Summer Sixteen Tour.[355][356] Following Meek Mill’s sentencing of two to four years for probation violation, Drake stated “Free Meek Mill” at a concert in Australia, and ended their rivalry on “Family Feud”.[357]Pusha T would also use the same rationale to criticize Drake on “Infrared” in 2018,[358] prompting Drake to respond with the “Duppy Freestyle” diss track on May 25.[359] Pusha T would directly respond to the track through “The Story of Adidon” on May 29, which presented several claims, including an accusation of Drake fathering a secret child.[360] The pair are considered to have been in a rivalry since 2012, with Drake yet to respond to “The Story of Adidon”.[361]
In 2016, Drake was embroiled in a feud with Joe Budden, stemming from Budden’s derogatory comments when reviewing Views. Drake would allegedly respond to Budden through “4PM in Calabasas”, prompting Budden to respond with two diss tracks in the space of five days, echoing the same sentiment Drake deployed during his feud with Meek Mill. Drake would later appear on “No Shopping” alongside French Montana, directly referencing Budden throughout the song. However, French Montana claimed that Drake’s verse was recorded before the release of Budden’s diss tracks. Despite Budden releasing two further songs in reference to Drake,[362] he has yet to officially respond to Budden.[363] In the same year, Drake mocked Kid Cudi for his mental health, drug use and suicidal urges on “Two Birds, One Stone” after Cudi launched an expletive-filled rant on the artist on Twitter.[364] Cudi later checked into a rehabilitation facility following the release of the song, and continued to disparage Drake in further tweets.[365]
In mid-2018, Drake was embroiled in a feud with long-time collaborator Kanye West.[366] In an appearance on the talk show The Shop in October, Drake recounted several business meetings with West, who voiced his desire to “be Quincy Jones” and work with him, to replicate the producer-artist relationship between Jones and Michael Jackson.[367] West requested Drake play and inform him of upcoming releases, which was agreed to as Drake “felt a genuine vibe” from West, and after West gifted him the beat to “Lift Yourself”, which inspired Drake to begin writing to the instrumental.[368] West then requested Drake to travel to Wyoming to continue working, and arrived a day after close friend 40. 40 said West was working on an album, contradictory to his previous aim of just wanting to “give [Drake] beats”. Drake responded by saying West stated he would release in late 2018, and they should continue on.[369] However, upon his arrival in Wyoming, Drake “[spent] the majority of time working on [West’s] music”, only exploring his own after playing the producer the song “March 14”, which addresses Drake’s relationship with his newborn son and co-parent.[370] This prompted a conversation with West regarding his personal issues, after which, news of his son would be exposed by Pusha T.[371] West would also release “Lift Yourself” and produce “Infrared”, actions that greatly displeased Drake. This prompted him to denounce West in several songs and live performances.[372][373] West would retaliate in a series of tweets in late 2018.[374]
Drake has also been involved in feuds with DMX, Kendrick Lamar,[375]Common,[376]The Weeknd,[377]XXXTentacion, Jay-Z, Tory Lanez,[378] and Ludacris,[379] although the latter five have been reported to be resolved.[380][381][382]
Prior to venturing into business, Drake garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably gaining one with Sprite following his mention of drinking purple drank, a concoction that contains Sprite as a key ingredient.[383][384] In the aftermath of his highly publicized feud with Meek Mill, Drake was also endorsed by fast food restaurants Burger King and Whataburger.[385] Business magazine Forbes commented his endorsement deals and business partnerships “combined heavily” for Drake’s reported pre-tax earnings at $94 million between June 2016 to June 2017, being one of the highest-paid celebrities during that period.[386]
During the composition of Nothing Was the Same, Drake started his own record label in late 2012 with producer Noah “40” Shebib and business partner Oliver El-Khatib. Drake sought for an avenue to release his own music, as well helping in the nurturing of other artists, while Shebib and El-Khatib yearned to start a label with a distinct sound, prompting the trio to team up to form OVO Sound.[387] The name is an abbreviation derived from the October’s Very Own moniker Drake used to publish his earlier projects. The label is currently distributed by Warner Bros. Records.
Drake, 40, and PartyNextDoor were the label’s inaugural artists. The label houses artists including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, OB O’Brien, Roy Woods, dvsn, Plaza, and Kash Doll,[388] as well as producers including 40, Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie, Nineteen85, and Future the Prince. OVO Sound has released six albums, with two certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
On September 30, 2013, at a press conference with Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment CEO Tim Leiweke,[389] Drake was announced as the new “global ambassador” of the Toronto Raptors, thereby joining the executive committee of the NBA franchise, in conjunction with the announcement of the 2016 NBA All-Star Game being awarded to the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.[390][391][392] This was also the setting where Drake was given The Key to the City.[393] In the role, it was announced that Drake would help to promote and serve as a host of festivities, beginning with the All-Star Game. He would also provide consulting services to rebrand the team, helping to redesign its image and clothing line in commemoration of the franchise’s 20th anniversary.[389][394][395][396] He began by hosting an annual “Drake Night” segment with the organization, which began in 2013.[397]
Following the launch of Apple Music, a music and video streaming service developed by Apple Inc., the company announced Drake as the figurehead for the platform at their Worldwide Developers Conference in 2015, with the artist also penning an exclusivity deal with the service worth a reported $19 million.[398] This saw all future solo releases by Drake becoming available first on Apple Music, before seeing roll out to other streaming services and music retailers.[399] Drake had also developed the OVO Sound Radio station on Beats 1, which is utilized as the primary avenue for debuting singles and projects, with the station overseeing over 300 million unique users when it debuted More Life.[400] Drake’s partnership with Apple Music has largely been credited for the platform’s sharp success, as it attained 10 million subscribers after six months, as well as giving birth to exclusivity from artists, with many independent and signed artists, such as Frank Ocean and The Weeknd, also brokering exclusivity deals with streaming services.[401] Through signing with the company, Drake was one of the artists, alongside Pharrell and Katy Perry, to exclusively own an Apple Watch before the smartwatch saw public release.[402]
In 2017, Drake and Adel “Future” Nur co-founded the production company DreamCrew, which functions both as a management company and entertainment group. The company has produced the television series Euphoria and Top Boy.[403] Their debut film as producers was with LeBron James and a production company, Uninterrupted, on the sports documentary The Carter Effect, detailing the impact of Vince Carter in Canada.[404]
In 2018, Drake purchased an ownership stake in the gaming organization 100 Thieves, joining as a co-founder and co-owner. The investment was partly funded by music executive Scooter Braun and Quicken Loans chairman Dan Gilbert. Since the investment, the stake is estimated to be worth $125 million.[405][406][407]
Two months prior to the release of Views, Drake announced the development of Virginia Black, a bourbon-based whiskey.[408] This would be his second foray into selling foodstuffs, previously partnering with celebrity chef Susur Lee to open Fring’s Restaurant in Toronto.[409] The beverage was created and also distributed alongside Proximo Spirits, as well as with Brent Hocking, a spirits producer who founded DeLeón Tequila in 2008.[410] The company described the partnership as “fruitful [as they] share a passion for style, music, and the pursuit of taste [on] a quest to redefine whiskey.”[411]
The product was launched in June 2016, and contained two, three and four-year old Bourbon whiskies. The company sold over 4,000 bottles in the first week domestically.[412] The brand was also promoted and marketed through Drake’s music and various tours, such as being part of the “Virginia Black VIP Lounge” additional package available for purchase during the Summer Sixteen Tour. Virginia Black shipped a further 30,000 units when rollout was extended to select international markets in late 2016.[413] The company later aired commercials with Drake’s father, Dennis Graham, which featured the tagline of “The Realest Dude Ever” (in reference toward “The Most Interesting Man in the World” tagline employed by Dos Equis) after extending the sale of the drink to Europe in 2017.[205]
In December 2013, Drake announced he was signing with Nike and Air Jordan, saying “growing up, I’m sure we all idolized Michael Jordan. I [am] officially inducted into the Team Jordan family.”[414] Drake also released his own collection of Air Jordans, dubbed the “Air Jordan OVOs”.[415] This foresaw collaborations between OVO and Canada Goose,[416] in which various items of clothing were produced.[417] In 2020, A Bathing Ape announced a collaboration with Drake, releasing an OVO x BAPE collection of clothing,[418] while he also partnered with candle manufacturer Revolve to create a line of self-scented candles.[419]
In December 2020, Drake announced a sub-label with Nike called Nocta. In a press release, Drake said “I always felt like there was an opportunity for Nike to embrace an entertainer the same way [as] athletes,” he wrote, “to be associated with the highest level possible was always my goal.”[420] The apparel line is named after Drake’s “nocturnal creative process”, in which Nike described as a “collection for the collective”, and noted by GQ as “fashion-forward, minimal-inspired sportswear”.[421] After the first collection sold out, another will be released in February 2021, which will introduce t-shirts, adjustable caps, a utility vest, and a lightweight jacket.[422]
Drake lives in Toronto, Ontario, in a 35,000-square-foot, $100 million estate nicknamed “The Embassy”,[423][424][425] which was built from the ground-up in 2017,[426][427] and is seen in the video to his song “Toosie Slide”. He also has a home in Hidden Hills, California, which he has owned since 2012.[428][429] Additionally, he owns a Toronto condo adjacent to the CN Tower[430] and a Boeing 767 airplane.[431][432]
Drake’s paternal uncles are bass guitarist Larry Graham and musician Teenie Hodges.[433][434] Graham achieved both critical and commercial success as a member of the band Sly and the Family Stone,[435] while Hodges featured as the lead guitarist and songwriter for Al Green, and contributed heavily on most of his work in the 1970s, including the hits “Take Me to the River”, “Love and Happiness”, and “Here I Am (Come and Take Me)”.[436][437]
Drake dated singer Rihanna on-and-off from 2009 to 2016.[438] He has mentioned the relationship in every one of his studio albums,[439] and when presenting Rihanna with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in 2016, he said “she’s a woman I’ve been in love with since I was 22 years old.”[440] On his former relationship with her, he said on the talk show The Shop:
As life takes shape and teaches you your own lessons, I end up in this situation where I don’t have the fairy tale, like, ‘Oh, Drake started a family with Rihanna and this is like so perfect.’ It looks so good on paper. By the way, I wanted that too at one time.[441]
Drake is a father to one son named Adonis, who was born on October 11, 2017[442][443] to French painter[444] and former model[443][445][446] Sophie Brussaux.[447] Brussaux’s pregnancy was the subject of several rumours after featuring in a TMZ article in early 2017.[445] After the nature of the pair’s relationship was discussed in Pusha T’s “The Story of Adidon”, Drake confirmed his fatherhood on the album Scorpion in 2018, citing a desire for his child’s privacy.[446][448]
Studio albums
Republic Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group (UMG). It was founded by Avery Lipman and Monte Lipman as an independent label in 1995, and was acquired by UMG in 2000. Republic was initially an imprint of the Universal/Motown Records Group, and was renamed Universal Republic Records after a reorganization in 2006 before going back to its original name in 2012.[2][3][4]
According to Avery Lipman, he and his brother Monte conceived Republic Records at the kitchen table in their apartment:
My brother and I had been working at record companies. He was in between jobs and we started putting records out as a hobby. We had a grassroot approach to the business. The first record we put out happened to work really well. That was the Bloodhound Gang.[5]
Republic Records was formed in 1995 as a subsidiary of MCA’s Geffen Records, but soon after its foundation, the distribution changed to the newly established Universal Records.[6] In January 2000, it was announced that the Universal Music Group acquired the Lipman brothers’ Republic Records as a wholly owned subsidiary. Monte Lipman was named president of the Universal Records label,[7] while Avery Lipman became Republic’s president.[8]دریک
In 2006, corporate restructuring saw the formation of Universal Republic Records through a merger between the two labels.[9] Monte Lipman became the president and CEO of the restructured label while Avery Lipman served as co-president and COO.[10] That same year, Gary Spangler joined the label as Vice President of Crossover Promotion, later becoming the Executive Vice President of Promotion.[11] Other changes were made at the label’s parent, Universal Motown Republic Group, during the summer of 2011. Universal Motown Records was shut down, transferring its artists to the newly recreated Motown Records or Universal Republic Records. The umbrella label was merged with the Island Def Jam Music Group, making Universal Republic Records a stand-alone label and shutting down the Universal Motown Republic Group.[12] In August 2011, the restructured Universal Republic signed Ariana Grande to a record contract.[13]
In October 2012, Universal Republic Records returned to the Republic Records moniker.[14] Just prior to the label’s return to the Republic name, it signed Canadian artist, The Weeknd, through his imprint label, XO.[15] In addition to artists’ albums, the label has released soundtracks with Universal Pictures (Fifty Shades of Grey),[16] the Fox Broadcasting Company (Star),[17] and NBC (The Voice), among numerous other partnerships, films, and television series.[18] Republic Records had songs in six of the top-10 spots on the Mediabase Top 40 Chart in 2015, tying a 2013 record.[19] Also in 2015, the label signed American rapper and singer, Post Malone.[20]
In November 2017, the company was named Variety’s Hitmaker Label of the Year.[21] In 2018, Taylor Swift signed to Republic Records after releasing her music through the Republic imprint, Big Machine Records, for a majority of her career.[22] Early 2019 saw the signing of a reunited Jonas Brothers, as well.[23]
Also in 2019, Republic Records was named the “Label of the Year” by both Billboard[24] and Variety.[25] It has been Billboard’s label of the year for 4 of the last 5 years[24] and Variety’s for each of the last three.[25] Republic was also named Billboard’s Hot 100 Label of the Year for the sixth straight time,[26] having accumulated 5 number one singles over the course of the year. Five Republic albums (Ariana Grande’s Thank U, Next, Taylor Swift’s Lover, Post Malone’s Beerbongs & Bentleys, Drake’s Scorpion and Post Malone’s Hollywood’s Bleeding) also appeared in the top 10 of the year-end Billboard 200 chart.[24]
In 2020, Republic Records partnered up with JYP Entertainment for the Korean Girl Group TWICE as the group’s first American label and distributor. TWICE will be first artist from JYP Entertainment to be powered under the alliance. TWICE’s signing represents a diversifying market for K-pop in America. [27]
In October 2020, an investigation made by Rolling Stone editor Elias Leight was published by the magazine. Among 2,500 text messages obtained by the magazine, several suggested a link between airplay and record label payments, including a message made by independent radio promoter Steve Zap to one station in August 2019 saying “Republic sweating me already”, asking to put one of their artists on “super power” rotation. Zap’s texts refer to “adjusting airplay to help labels achieve chart goals in key weeks”. A spokesperson for Universal Music Group, corporation which owns Republic Records, stated that “all third-party radio promotion contractors annually submit affidavits to UMG certifying their compliance with strict rules and regulations, including prohibitions that expressly forbid providing anything of value to a radio station or a radio station employee in exchange for increased airtime”.[28]
Republic Records released the Bloodhound Gang’s 1994 EP, Dingleberry Haze,[29] and their first LP, Use Your Fingers. Kevin Rudolf’s single, “Let It Rock”, was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[30] Jay Sean’s debut single, “Down”, sold three million copies in the United States and six million copies worldwide.[31] Sean’s follow-up single, “Do You Remember”, sold over one million copies.[32]
American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift recorded with Nashville-based Big Machine Records. Swift is a quadruple-platinum artist with 10 Grammy Awards and over 175 million units moved worldwide as of 2014. As her contract with Big Machine ended in 2018, she signed with Republic, with her first single “ME!” with the label and her own label “Taylor Swift Productions, Inc.” released on April 26, 2019.[33][34]Jack Johnson has received a number of gold and platinum certifications.[35]Damian Marley’s debut album was certified gold and sold one million copies worldwide.[36]
Other prominent Republic releases in recent years have come from acts like Ariana Grande (2013’s Yours Truly, 2014’s My Everything, 2016’s Dangerous Woman, 2018’s Sweetener, 2019’s Thank U, Next, and 2020’s Positions);[37] the Jonas Brothers (2019’s Happiness Begins); Taylor Swift (2019’s Lover, and 2020’s Folklore); and The Weeknd (2013’s Kiss Land, 2015’s Beauty Behind the Madness, and 2016’s Starboy).[38]
As of 2020, the current Republic Records roster includes Ariana Grande, Drake, Benee, James Bay, James Blake, Kid Cudi, Florence + the Machine, Seth MacFarlane, John Mellencamp, Julia Michaels, Post Malone, Of Monsters and Men, Liam Payne, Black Sabbath, Hailee Steinfeld, Taylor Swift, Stevie Wonder, Peach the Aussie legend and more. Republic has also brought numerous other artists under its umbrella with strategic partnerships with labels like Brushfire Records (Jack Johnson), XO (The Weeknd, Nav), Casablanca Records (Lindsay Lohan, MIKA, Tiësto), Cash Money Records (Drake, Jacquees, Nicki Minaj), Young Money Entertainment Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj), Hollywood Records (Sofia Carson, Zendaya), Lava Records (Greta Van Fleet, Jessie J, Lorde, The Warning), Monkeywrench Records (Pearl Jam), American Recordings (The Avett Brothers), Roc Nation (Jaden Smith, Justine Skye, The-Dream), Victor Victor Worldwide (Pop Smoke, Ski Mask the Slump God) and others.
OVO Sound is a Toronto-based Canadian record label, founded in 2012 by hip hop artist Drake, Oliver El-Khatib, and producer Noah “40” Shebib.[1] It operates as a subsidiary of, and is distributed through, Warner Music Group’s Warner Records, except for Drake’s releases, which are distributed by Republic Records, a division of WMG’s competitor, Universal Music Group.
The label represents acts including Drake, PartyNextDoor, Majid Jordan, Roy Woods, OB O’Brien, Dvsn, Plaza, Baka Not Nice, and Popcaan. In-house producers include 40, Boi-1da, Nineteen85, DJ Prince, Mike Zombie, T-Minus, and Future The Prince
The label’s roots can be traced back to 2006, when Drake’s first official mixtape, Room for Improvement, was released under the unofficial record label “All Things Fresh” which eventually became “October’s Very Own”. Drake later raised the profile of the label by prominently featuring OVO throughout his music, regularly mentioning the label in songs and on stage, as well as promoting OVO merchandise.
The record label was officially founded in 2012 by Drake and long-time collaborators Noah “40” Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib following the success of Drake’s third studio album Nothing Was the Same. According to Billboard, Drake signed a partnership deal with Warner Records similar to that of Rick Ross’ record company. Though Ross is signed as a solo artist to Epic, the artists on Ross’ Maybach Music Group label are signed to Atlantic Records, former partners with Warner. Drake is still signed as a solo artist to Republic Records through Young Money and Cash Money, but the artists he signs to OVO Sound through Warner have their content distributed through the latter.[2][3]دریک
Upon founding the label in 2012, Drake and 40 signed frequent collaborators Boi-1da, T-Minus, Mike Zombie and later in 2020 DJ Prince (the second only active signee in the label to come outside of Canada) to the label as in-house producers.[4] In April 2013, it was reported that Drake was close to signing the label’s first recording artist, PartyNextDoor, which he ended up revealing shortly thereafter.[5] In August 2013, Drake announced that he signed Toronto music duo Majid Jordan to OVO Sound.[6] OB O’Brien and iLoveMakonnen would soon sign in 2014, with the latter being the first non-Canadian act and second non-Canadian signee after to Mike Zombie. Makonnen would eventually leave OVO Sound in April 2016, wishing to pursue his interests as a solo artist with Warner. Canadian rap artist Roy Woods and R&B duo Dvsn, composed of singer Daniel Daley and producer Nineteen85, soon joined the label in 2015 and 2016, with each act releasing an EP and studio album respectively.[7][8][9][10]
OVO Sound Radio was a radio program that aired on Beats 1, fortnightly on Saturdays. The show primarily aired newer material, with at least one song premiering in each broadcast. The show’s initial airing was on July 11, 2015, and it was hosted by Drake and Oliver El-Khatib. The show is notable for debuting hit Drake singles, such as platinum-selling “Hotline Bling”, and chart-topping “One Dance”. The show ended on October 27, 2018.
OVO Clothing was launched in 2011.[12] The series of clothing began with a series of collaborations between Roots Canada and OVO, which produced several parkas, jackets and other collaborations. In 2013, merchandise for the OVO figurehead included collaborations with the Toronto Raptors, which coincided with Drake becoming the franchise’s Global Ambassador. OVO has since morphed into a clothing line in itself, releasing a slew of clothes during every season of the year. T-shirts, sweatshirts, varsity jackets, baseball hats, and knit beanies are seasonal installations. OVO Clothing oversaw the opening of a flagship store for the brand’s clothing in downtown Toronto, opening in December 6, 2014. Exactly a year after the opening in Toronto, OVO stores expanded to the United States, opening a flagship store in Los Angeles, California. Its New York store opened in December 2016 on Bond Street, and its Chicago store in August 2019 on Walton Street in Gold Coast. OVO also opened its first location in Vancouver in December 2018.[13]
Other OVO collaborations have included Canada Goose, and Air Jordan.
Its pre-2016 collection was composed of basketball shorts, OVO jerseys, track jackets, and baggy hoodies.[14]
On November 9, 2020, it was revealed via the OVO Clothing Instagram account that NHL Hall of Famer Wayne Gretzky would be a model for the Fall and Winter 2020 collection.[15] Gretzky and OVO Clothing founder Drake are both proud natives of southern Ontario, Canada. Also featured in the collection was former Canadian Olympian Ross Rebagliati,[16] who won a Gold Medal in Giant Slalom Snowboarding in the 1998 Nagano Olympics.
Universal Motown Records was an American record label that operated as a division of Universal Motown Republic Group. It was the contemporary incarnation of the legendary Motown Records label, and the “urban” half of UMG, although there were some rock artists on the label (along with its sub-labels) as well.
In 2005, Motown Records was merged with the urban artists on Universal Records to create Universal Motown Records, headed by former CEO of Elektra Records Sylvia Rhone, and placed under the newly created umbrella division of Universal Motown Republic Group. Motown Records began celebrating its fiftieth anniversary (January 12, 2009) in late 2008, including the release of a The Complete No. 1’s boxset containing Motown #1 hits from Billboard’s pop, R&B, and disco charts, reissues of classic-era Motown albums on CD, and other planned events, which were released in collaboration with Universal Music Group’s catalog division.
Changes were made at Universal Motown Republic Group in 2011, and Motown Records was separated from Universal Motown Records and the umbrella label and merged into The Island Def Jam Music Group, making Universal Republic Records (now shortened back to Republic Records as of late 2012) a stand-alone label and shutting down Universal Motown Republic Group.[1]
Young Money Entertainment is an American record label founded by rapper Lil Wayne. Young Money’s president is Lil Wayne’s lifelong friend and fellow rapper Mack Maine. The label was an imprint of Cash Money Records and is distributed by Republic Records.
The label has released fourteen US albums that reached number one on the Billboard 200 chart: Tha Carter III, I Am Not a Human Being, Tha Carter IV and Tha Carter V by Lil Wayne, Thank Me Later, Take Care, Nothing Was the Same, If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late, What a Time to Be Alive (along with Epic Records artist Future), Views, More Life and Scorpion by Drake, and Pink Friday and Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded by Nicki Minaj.
Current artists include Lil Wayne, Drake, Nicki Minaj, Mack Maine, Lil Twist, and Cory Gunz, among others. The label has released three compilation albums — We Are Young Money (2009), Rich Gang (2013; with Cash Money Records), and Young Money: Rise of an Empire (2014).
The label was formed in 2005. In 2007, In an interview with Vibe magazine, Lil Wayne detailed he stepped down as President of the label, and had given the position to Cortez Bryant.[1] As of 2009, Mack Maine is serving as President.[2] Canadian rapper Drake signed a joint venture between Cash Money Records and Young Money. President Mack Maine confirmed that Omarion was no longer on the label after many rumours were circulating the internet.
دریک
To promote the label’s first collaboration album, We Are Young Money, Young Money artists embarked on the Young Money Tour.[3] The collaborative album was released on December 21, 2009, and debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 142,000 copies in its first-week sales.[4] The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over a shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States.[5]
We Are Young Money featured the highly successful single “BedRock”, which debuted at thirty six on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending December 12, 2009.[6] On the week ending March 13, 2010, the song reached a peak of two, making it the most successful single by the group on the chart.[7]
“BedRock” debuted in the UK Singles Chart on February 6, 2010 at forty.[8] On March 6, 2010, the single climbed to twenty two,[9] and the subsequent week the single climbed to eighteen, marking Young Money’s first Top 20 hit in the UK.[10] Peaking at number nine on April 3, 2010, making it Young Money’s first Top 10 hit in the UK.[11]
The label had three of the top 10 highest 2010 hip hop album sales with Drake’s Thank Me Later, and Lil Wayne’s Rebirth and I Am Not a Human Being.[12]
On March 6, 2010, Lil Wayne confirmed that rapper Cory Gunz was the latest artist to sign.[citation needed] In 2011, Konvict Muzik artist T-Pain signed to the Young Money roster after he and Akon agreed to part ways after his last Konvict release RevolveR. Later that year, T-Pain revealed that he was close to signing a deal with Young Money, but it never concluded.[13] In November 2011, Lil Wayne introduced 14-year-old singer Torion Sellers to Young Money.[14]
On February 15, 2013 Mack Maine announced group We the Future and Lil Wayne’s 14-year-old daughter Reginae Carter had signed to Young Money.[15] In the same year, Young Money released Lil Wayne’s I Am Not a Human Being II, Tyga’s Hotel California and Drake’s Nothing Was the Same on March 26, April 7, and September 24, respectively.
In December 2012 Mack Maine announced a second Young Money album would be released.[16] In February 2013, label co-owner Birdman released a compilation mixtape with Cash Money and Young Money titled Rich Gang: All Stars. Shortly after, Birdman announced compilation album Rich Gang and its schedule for release to be on May 21, 2013. He added Rich Gang would feature members of Cash Money, Young Money and various Young Money collaborators.[17] The first single from the project, “Tapout”, was released on March 12, 2013, and featured Lil Wayne, Future, Mack Maine, and Nicki Minaj and produced by 808 Mafia’s Southside and TM88.[18] The album would then be pushed back to July 23, 2013.[19]
On January 22, 2014, it was revealed that Young Money would be releasing their own compilation album on March 11, 2014, titled Young Money: Rise of an Empire. That same day, the first single “We Alright” featuring Lil Wayne, Birdman and Euro was released. Drake’s Nothing Was the Same leftover “Trophies” would also be included on the album.[20]
The album’s second single, “Senile”, was released February 14, 2014. It is by Tyga, Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne and was produced by David D.A. Doman.[21] “Trophies” and Minaj’s “Lookin Ass” were met with more chart success than the first two singles.
After years of tensions with Birdman and Universal Music Group over unpaid advances and rights to his catalogue, Lil Wayne filed for lawsuit in 2015 initially for $51 million.[22] In 2018, Lil Wayne and Universal settled, which detailed Lil Wayne would be compensated over $10 million from previously failed payments, and Young Money’s ownership would be transferred from Cash Money to Universal directly.[23][24] Additionally, Birdman’s 49 percent ownership in Young Money would be transferred to Wayne, which took effect on September 13, 2018.
In June 2020, Lil Wayne, through the Young Money name, sold his master recordings in a settlement from Republic Records to its overhead company, Universal Music Group for $100 million.[25][26] It was confirmed later in December when, arising out of recent court filings from Lil Wayne’s lawsuit with his former manager Ronald Sweeney,[27] that the settlement not only included his masters, but also the entire Young Money Entertainment catalog, including Nicki Minaj, Drake, Tyga, among other artists in their roster.[25][28] As of December 2020, UMG reportedly owns all of Drake’s pre-2018 album catalogue that has been released with the Young Money record label.[29]
Cash Money (or styled as Ca$h Money) is an American record label founded by two brothers, Bryan “Birdman” Williams and Ronald “Slim” Williams. The label is distributed by Republic, which used to be Universal Republic. The label itself has been home to a roster of high-earning hip hop artists, including Lil Wayne, Drake and Nicki Minaj. This led to Cash Money becoming one of the most successful record labels in hip-hop history.[3]
Artists signed to Cash Money Records have achieved a combined 12 number one albums on the Billboard 200 chart and 7 number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (Juvenile’s “Slow Motion”, Lil Wayne’s “Lollipop”, Jay Sean’s “Down” and Drake’s “One Dance”, “God’s Plan”, “Nice for What”, and “In My Feelings”).
Bryan Williams told some of his close friends the motivation for starting the label:
I was hoping it would get us out of the projects and into a positive way of life. And we wanted to help other people get out of this poverty[4]دریک
Along the way he met a lot of influential people on the road with the Hot Boys. Wendy Day negotiated the deal between Cash Money and Universal Music Group’s Universal Records (now Republic Records), which became an 80%-20% distribution deal. Later, UMG acquired a portion of Cash Money Records, making it a UMG subsidiary.
Starting in 1996, Cash Money signed a slew of new artists such as Lil Wayne, B.G, Juvenile, who already had a buzz in the streets in the mid-1990s, was also signed. At this time Turk and another local rapper by the name of Bulletproof aka lil Derrick joined the roster. In May 1997 Birdman organized a rap group that included Juvenile, B.G, Turk and Bulletproof. After the passing of his father, Lil Wayne joined the group and they became known as the Hot Boys. Shortly before the Hot Boys took off, Bulletproof left the group and was later killed in 2002. Cash Money’s big break came in 1998 when the Hot Boys, B.G. and Juvenile in particular, caught the attention of Universal Records executives.[5]
In 1998, Cash Money signed a $30 million pressing and distribution deal with a $3 million advance contract with Universal, entitling the label to 85% of its royalties, 50% of its publishing revenues and ownership of all masters. Dino Delvaille, who orchestrated the deal, later told HitQuarters: “I made certain they retained (the rights) of their work. They deserve it.”[6]
After the deal Cash Money records achieved a new level of success. The release of Juvenile’s 1998 album 400 Degreez, which was certified 4X Platinum by the RIAA, solidified Cash Money as a powerful label in the national hip-hop scene. Later albums in 1999 such as the Hot Boys’ Guerrilla Warfare, B.G.’z Chopper City in the Ghetto, and Lil Wayne’s Tha Block Is Hot also saw great chart success and furthered the label’s reputation. These albums contained major Billboard hits such as Juvenile’s “Back That Azz Up” (#19 on the Billboard Hot 100), B.G.’s “Bling Bling” (#36), and the Hot Boys’ “I Need a Hot Girl” (#65). All of Cash Money’s albums and singles in this period were solely produced by the label’s in-house producer, Mannie Fresh. Their A&R at Universal, Dino Delvaille, said:
When they first came into the business, they were very reluctant to make records with other people. They probably felt that people would steal their style or flavor, and I had to work hard to get them to open up to making records with Cam’ron, Puffy, and Clipse, among others.[6]
This label’s success continued into the 2000s. Between 2001 and 2003, the label sold 7 million albums. The song “Still Fly” by the Big Tymers was nominated for two Grammy Awards. However, B.G. and Juvenile left the label in 2002, claiming financial mismanagement.[7] In April 2003, Juvenile returned to the label for a reported $4 million deal, and in return, he signed over the rights to Juve The Great, an album which sold over a million copies and contained the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit “Slow Motion”. In 2007, former Hot Boys member Lil Wayne was named president of Cash Money Records and CEO of Young Money Entertainment. Later that year, Lil Wayne stepped down as president to focus on his career, especially Tha Carter III.[8] In 2008, Lil Wayne re-signed with Cash Money, ensuring that his next few albums will be produced by the label.[9]
In September 2008, Cash Money released rocker Kevin Rudolf’s smash-hit debut single “Let It Rock” featuring label-mate Lil Wayne. On October 15, 2008 at the MOBO Awards, British R&B singer Jay Sean announced that he had signed with Cash Money Records.[10][11] In February 2009, the Williams brothers were featured in CNBC’s Newbos: The Rise of America’s New Black Overclass, a documentary show profiling several black multi-millionaires.[12] In early 2009 former Roc-A-Fella Records artist Freeway signed with the label.[13] On August 16, 2009, Bow Wow announced that he signed with Cash Money Records.[14]
In 2009, they took part in a major label bidding war for Queens native rapper Nicki Minaj. Eventually, they won the bidding war and Nicki Minaj was signed to them exclusively for Young Money. Cash Money Records popularity grew after signing Minaj and Canadian rapper Drake. On August 5, 2010, production group Cool & Dre signed with Cash Money Records. The production group announced the news via Twitter. They are the first in house producer Cash Money has had since Mannie Fresh.[15][16]
On August 19, 2010, Birdman signed DJ Khaled to the label also signing his label We the Best Music Group as a subsidiary of Cash Money.[17] On February 24, 2012, Cash Money Records signed the nu metal band Limp Bizkit.[18] Wayne said the same day they were close to signing Ashanti.[19]
In 2011, Cash Money Records signed a co-publishing venture with the Atria Publishing Group called Cash Money Content.[20]
In February 2013, Birdman released a compilation mixtape with Cash Money and Young Money, entitled Rich Gang: All Stars. Shortly afterwards, he announced a compilation album entitled Rich Gang: Flashy Lifestyle that was due to be released on May 21, 2013—it featured members of Cash Money, Young Money, and various collaborators.[21] The first single from the project, “Tapout” was released on March 19, 2013, and features Lil Wayne, Future, Mack Maine, and Nicki Minaj, with production by 808 Mafia’s Southside and TM88.[22] “Fly Rich” featuring Stevie J, Future, Tyga, Meek Mill and Mystikal was also released as a promotional single.[23]
The album’s release date was then pushed back to July 23, 2013,[24] while the title was also shortened to just Rich Gang. The album garnered a mixed critical reception and debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200.
On December 4, 2014, just five days before Tha Carter V was due to be released, Wayne issued a statement saying the album would not be released on its expected release date due to his displeasure with Birdman refusing to release the album, although it had been completed. Wayne also expressed his feelings by stating he felt he and his creative partner were being held “prisoner”. Lil Wayne filed a lawsuit.[25][26] On January 20, 2015, Wayne self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V.[27][28] Upon Sorry for the Wait 2’s release, it was noted that Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records several times throughout.[29][30][31] Birdman was reported to be upset with this.[32] In late January 2015, Lil Wayne filed a $51 million lawsuit against Birdman and Cash Money over the delay of Tha Carter V.[33]
In January 2015, Wayne stated that when he leaves Cash Money, he would take Drake and Nicki Minaj with him.[34] On June 22, TMZ reported new details on the lawsuit. According to documents filed by Lil Wayne, Birdman and Cash Money have mismanaged Young Money, including Drake and Minaj. The documents allege that Birdman and Cash Money haven’t paid people.[35][36][37] In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z’s Tidal as an artist owner and exclusively released a single on the service titled “Glory.”[38] On July 4, 2015, Wayne released Free Weezy Album exclusively through Tidal under Young Money and Republic Records.[39] On July 15, prosecutors allege Birdman and Young Thug conspired to murder Lil Wayne and were involved in the April 26 shooting.[40] On July 16, Birdman filed a $50 million lawsuit against Jay Z’s Tidal streaming service over Lil Wayne’s Free Weezy Album. The lawsuit claims that Cash Money Records exclusively owns the rights to Lil Wayne’s music, although he is now independent and the label no longer owns these rights.[41]
On April 12, 2017, Birdman accepted a plaque in honor of Cash Money Records having sold one billion units.[42] On September 13, 2018, it was announced that Young Money was no longer a joint business venture with Cash Money. Ownership of the imprint was granted entirely to Lil Wayne as part of the legal settlements with Birdman that were finalized.[43]
From its founding until 2005, Mannie Fresh was the well-known production head of all Cash Money releases, as the label’s resident producer. The label would be without a proper in-house producer until August 2010, when production duo Cool & Dre signed to the label.[48] Since then, the label has grown its production division by signing more producers.
In October 2009, Cash Money Records, Birdman, Lil Wayne and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who claims his voice was used without permission. The rappers asked him to record some “Italian-styled spoken word recordings” in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on “Respect” and other tracks from the rappers’ collaboration album Like Father, Like Son and Birdman’s 5 * Stunna.[58]
In 2011, Cash Money Records, Lil Wayne, Universal Music Group, and Young Money Entertainment were sued for US$15 million by Done Deal Enterprises, who claim Lil Wayne’s song “BedRock” was stolen from Done Deal.[59]
دَریک سکه زر در دوره هخامنشی، با وزن ۸/۳۵ تا ۸/۴۲ گرم بودهاست. بر یک طرف آن نگارهای از یک کماندار هخامنشی در حال دویدن است که کمانی در دست چپ و نیزهای در دست راست دارد. ضرب این سکه را جزو اصلاحات پولی داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی برشمردهاند، ولی برخی باور دارند که دریک پیش از زمان او هم ضرب میشدهاست. آنچه مسلم است اینک ضرب سکهٔ زر از امتیازهای ویژه شاه بود. گمان میرود تاریخ نخستین ضرب سکه دریک ۵۱۴ پیش از میلاد باشد.
در زمان هخامنشیان هیچیک از ساتراپها و فرمانداران محلی حق نداشتند بدون پروانه داریوش به نام خود سکه زنند، تنها اجازه داشتند با پروانه داریوش سکهٔ نقره بزنند، چرا که ضرب سکهٔ دریک در انحصار مرکز بود.
عیار سکههای دریک بسیار بالا بود و با آزمایش روی نمونههای به دست آمده روشن شدهاست که فلزش تنها ۳٪ آلیاژ میداشتهاست. این نابی بالا مایهٔ رواج این سکه شد و همواره سکههای طلای هخامنشی سخت معتبر بودند. در پایان دوران هخامنشی دودریکی هم ضرب شد. کیفیت سکههای زر در تمام دوران هخامنشی ثابت ماند.
نقش کماندار پارسی در درازای دو سده پادشاهی هخامنشیان دگرگونیهایی داشت. از آنجا که سکههای هخامنشی تاریخ ضرب ندارند از روی نشانههای دیگر نقشهای مربوط به دوران هر پادشاه را تعیین کردهاند. سکههای هخامنشی جز موارد استثنایی تنها در یک سو دارای نقش هستند و پشت آنها بیشتر فرورفتگی چهارگوش شکل و ناهمواریهای نا به سامانی هست. اینها اثر قسمت برجستهٔ سندانیاست که هنگام چکشزدن بر سکه گذاشته میشد.
در دورهٔ ۲۰۰ ساله پادشاهی هخامنشیان، سکههای نیم دریکی و یک چهارم دریکی نیز ضرب شدند.
دریک
دریک را داریک هم گفتهاند، اما آوایش درست آن دَریک است. بنابر نظریه ارنست هرتسفلد، دریک از نام داریوش گرفته شدهاست.[۱][۲]ابراهیم پورداوود، ایرانشناس، معتقد بود که یونانیان، نام سکه طلا در زمان داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی را چون منسوب به داریوش بود به یونانی «دریکوس» (Dreikos) یا «داریک» یا «دریک» به معنی «داریوشی» مینامیدند.[۳] اما برخی پژوهشگران بر این باور هستند که دریک از واژه ذَریگ یا زریگ در زبان پارسی باستان به معنی زرین (صفت نسبی از ستاک «دَرَنیه» (در اوستایی «زَرَنیه») به معنی زر) گرفته شدهاست.[۴]
مهمترین ایل منطقه بکر و سرسخت رشته کوه زاگرس در لرستان نیز به همین اسم (دریک – دریکوند یا دیرکوند) نامگذاری شده است و به گفته ولادیمیر مینورسکی تاریخ شناس معروف، دریکوندها خزانهداران امپراتوری هخامنشی بودهاند. این ایل کهن زاگرسنشین از طوایف فراوانی تشکیل شده و محل سکونتش منطقهای معروف به “بالاگریوه” که به معنای قامت آتشین (تیز و جسور) است میباشد، منطقهای که زمانی جایگاه شاهان ساسانی، اشکانی و هخامنشیان بوده و یکی از ۶ گنجینه بزرگ جهان، همان گنج بزرگ غار کلماکره را در دل خود جای داده و نشان از ناگفتههای بسیار دارد.
برخی پژوهشگران، این واژه را همراه دینار به عنوان نامی مناسب برای پول پیشنهاد دادهاند و دینار را نامی روامند در شاهنامه دانستهاند.[۵] اما ابراهیم پور داوود، ایرانشناس، ریشه واژه دینار را در اصل از واژه یونانی «دناریوس» میدانست.[۶]
پژوهشهای ایرانی: دری و دینار، پیشنهاد دو نام برای واحد پول
دَریک سکه زر در دوره هخامنشی، با وزن ۸/۳۵ تا ۸/۴۲ گرم بودهاست. بر یک طرف آن نگارهای از یک کماندار هخامنشی در حال دویدن است که کمانی در دست چپ و نیزهای در دست راست دارد. ضرب این سکه را جزو اصلاحات پولی داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی برشمردهاند، ولی برخی باور دارند که دریک پیش از زمان او هم ضرب میشدهاست. آنچه مسلم است اینک ضرب سکهٔ زر از امتیازهای ویژه شاه بود. گمان میرود تاریخ نخستین ضرب سکه دریک ۵۱۴ پیش از میلاد باشد.
در زمان هخامنشیان هیچیک از ساتراپها و فرمانداران محلی حق نداشتند بدون پروانه داریوش به نام خود سکه زنند، تنها اجازه داشتند با پروانه داریوش سکهٔ نقره بزنند، چرا که ضرب سکهٔ دریک در انحصار مرکز بود.
عیار سکههای دریک بسیار بالا بود و با آزمایش روی نمونههای به دست آمده روشن شدهاست که فلزش تنها ۳٪ آلیاژ میداشتهاست. این نابی بالا مایهٔ رواج این سکه شد و همواره سکههای طلای هخامنشی سخت معتبر بودند. در پایان دوران هخامنشی دودریکی هم ضرب شد. کیفیت سکههای زر در تمام دوران هخامنشی ثابت ماند.
نقش کماندار پارسی در درازای دو سده پادشاهی هخامنشیان دگرگونیهایی داشت. از آنجا که سکههای هخامنشی تاریخ ضرب ندارند از روی نشانههای دیگر نقشهای مربوط به دوران هر پادشاه را تعیین کردهاند. سکههای هخامنشی جز موارد استثنایی تنها در یک سو دارای نقش هستند و پشت آنها بیشتر فرورفتگی چهارگوش شکل و ناهمواریهای نا به سامانی هست. اینها اثر قسمت برجستهٔ سندانیاست که هنگام چکشزدن بر سکه گذاشته میشد.
در دورهٔ ۲۰۰ ساله پادشاهی هخامنشیان، سکههای نیم دریکی و یک چهارم دریکی نیز ضرب شدند.
دریک
دریک را داریک هم گفتهاند، اما آوایش درست آن دَریک است. بنابر نظریه ارنست هرتسفلد، دریک از نام داریوش گرفته شدهاست.[۱][۲]ابراهیم پورداوود، ایرانشناس، معتقد بود که یونانیان، نام سکه طلا در زمان داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی را چون منسوب به داریوش بود به یونانی «دریکوس» (Dreikos) یا «داریک» یا «دریک» به معنی «داریوشی» مینامیدند.[۳] اما برخی پژوهشگران بر این باور هستند که دریک از واژه ذَریگ یا زریگ در زبان پارسی باستان به معنی زرین (صفت نسبی از ستاک «دَرَنیه» (در اوستایی «زَرَنیه») به معنی زر) گرفته شدهاست.[۴]
مهمترین ایل منطقه بکر و سرسخت رشته کوه زاگرس در لرستان نیز به همین اسم (دریک – دریکوند یا دیرکوند) نامگذاری شده است و به گفته ولادیمیر مینورسکی تاریخ شناس معروف، دریکوندها خزانهداران امپراتوری هخامنشی بودهاند. این ایل کهن زاگرسنشین از طوایف فراوانی تشکیل شده و محل سکونتش منطقهای معروف به “بالاگریوه” که به معنای قامت آتشین (تیز و جسور) است میباشد، منطقهای که زمانی جایگاه شاهان ساسانی، اشکانی و هخامنشیان بوده و یکی از ۶ گنجینه بزرگ جهان، همان گنج بزرگ غار کلماکره را در دل خود جای داده و نشان از ناگفتههای بسیار دارد.
برخی پژوهشگران، این واژه را همراه دینار به عنوان نامی مناسب برای پول پیشنهاد دادهاند و دینار را نامی روامند در شاهنامه دانستهاند.[۵] اما ابراهیم پور داوود، ایرانشناس، ریشه واژه دینار را در اصل از واژه یونانی «دناریوس» میدانست.[۶]
پژوهشهای ایرانی: دری و دینار، پیشنهاد دو نام برای واحد پول
دَریک سکه زر در دوره هخامنشی، با وزن ۸/۳۵ تا ۸/۴۲ گرم بودهاست. بر یک طرف آن نگارهای از یک کماندار هخامنشی در حال دویدن است که کمانی در دست چپ و نیزهای در دست راست دارد. ضرب این سکه را جزو اصلاحات پولی داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی برشمردهاند، ولی برخی باور دارند که دریک پیش از زمان او هم ضرب میشدهاست. آنچه مسلم است اینک ضرب سکهٔ زر از امتیازهای ویژه شاه بود. گمان میرود تاریخ نخستین ضرب سکه دریک ۵۱۴ پیش از میلاد باشد.
در زمان هخامنشیان هیچیک از ساتراپها و فرمانداران محلی حق نداشتند بدون پروانه داریوش به نام خود سکه زنند، تنها اجازه داشتند با پروانه داریوش سکهٔ نقره بزنند، چرا که ضرب سکهٔ دریک در انحصار مرکز بود.
عیار سکههای دریک بسیار بالا بود و با آزمایش روی نمونههای به دست آمده روشن شدهاست که فلزش تنها ۳٪ آلیاژ میداشتهاست. این نابی بالا مایهٔ رواج این سکه شد و همواره سکههای طلای هخامنشی سخت معتبر بودند. در پایان دوران هخامنشی دودریکی هم ضرب شد. کیفیت سکههای زر در تمام دوران هخامنشی ثابت ماند.
نقش کماندار پارسی در درازای دو سده پادشاهی هخامنشیان دگرگونیهایی داشت. از آنجا که سکههای هخامنشی تاریخ ضرب ندارند از روی نشانههای دیگر نقشهای مربوط به دوران هر پادشاه را تعیین کردهاند. سکههای هخامنشی جز موارد استثنایی تنها در یک سو دارای نقش هستند و پشت آنها بیشتر فرورفتگی چهارگوش شکل و ناهمواریهای نا به سامانی هست. اینها اثر قسمت برجستهٔ سندانیاست که هنگام چکشزدن بر سکه گذاشته میشد.
در دورهٔ ۲۰۰ ساله پادشاهی هخامنشیان، سکههای نیم دریکی و یک چهارم دریکی نیز ضرب شدند.
دریک
دریک را داریک هم گفتهاند، اما آوایش درست آن دَریک است. بنابر نظریه ارنست هرتسفلد، دریک از نام داریوش گرفته شدهاست.[۱][۲]ابراهیم پورداوود، ایرانشناس، معتقد بود که یونانیان، نام سکه طلا در زمان داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی را چون منسوب به داریوش بود به یونانی «دریکوس» (Dreikos) یا «داریک» یا «دریک» به معنی «داریوشی» مینامیدند.[۳] اما برخی پژوهشگران بر این باور هستند که دریک از واژه ذَریگ یا زریگ در زبان پارسی باستان به معنی زرین (صفت نسبی از ستاک «دَرَنیه» (در اوستایی «زَرَنیه») به معنی زر) گرفته شدهاست.[۴]
مهمترین ایل منطقه بکر و سرسخت رشته کوه زاگرس در لرستان نیز به همین اسم (دریک – دریکوند یا دیرکوند) نامگذاری شده است و به گفته ولادیمیر مینورسکی تاریخ شناس معروف، دریکوندها خزانهداران امپراتوری هخامنشی بودهاند. این ایل کهن زاگرسنشین از طوایف فراوانی تشکیل شده و محل سکونتش منطقهای معروف به “بالاگریوه” که به معنای قامت آتشین (تیز و جسور) است میباشد، منطقهای که زمانی جایگاه شاهان ساسانی، اشکانی و هخامنشیان بوده و یکی از ۶ گنجینه بزرگ جهان، همان گنج بزرگ غار کلماکره را در دل خود جای داده و نشان از ناگفتههای بسیار دارد.
برخی پژوهشگران، این واژه را همراه دینار به عنوان نامی مناسب برای پول پیشنهاد دادهاند و دینار را نامی روامند در شاهنامه دانستهاند.[۵] اما ابراهیم پور داوود، ایرانشناس، ریشه واژه دینار را در اصل از واژه یونانی «دناریوس» میدانست.[۶]
پژوهشهای ایرانی: دری و دینار، پیشنهاد دو نام برای واحد پول
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