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Ramen (/ˈrɑːmən/) (拉麺, ラーメン, rāmen, Japanese pronunciation: [ɾaꜜːmeɴ]) (literally: “pulled noodles”[2]) is a Japanese noodle soup. It consists of Chinese wheat noodles served in a meat or (occasionally) fish-based broth, often flavored with soy sauce or miso, and uses toppings such as sliced pork (叉焼, chāshū), nori (dried seaweed), menma, and scallions. Nearly every region in Japan has its own variation of ramen, such as the tonkotsu (pork bone broth) ramen of Kyushu and the miso ramen of Hokkaido. Mazemen is a ramen dish that is not served in a soup, but rather with a sauce (such as tare), like noodles that are served with a sweet and sour sauce.

Ramen is a Japanese[3] adaptation of Chinese wheat noodles.[4][5][6][7][8] One theory says that ramen was first introduced to Japan during the 1660s by the Chinese neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Shunsui who served as an advisor to Tokugawa Mitsukuni after he became a refugee in Japan to escape Manchu rule and Mitsukuni became the first Japanese person to eat ramen, although most historians reject this theory as a myth created by the Japanese to embellish the origins of ramen.[9] The more plausible theory is that ramen was introduced by Chinese immigrants in the late 19th[4][10] or early 20th century at Yokohama Chinatown.[11][12] According to the record of the Yokohama Ramen Museum, ramen originated in China and made its way over to Japan in 1859.[10] Early versions were wheat noodles in broth topped with Chinese-style roast pork.[4]

The word ramen is a Japanese transcription of the Chinese lamian (拉麵).[13][14] In 1910, the first ramen shop named RAIRAIKEN (ja:来々軒) opened at Asakusa, Tokyo, where the Japanese owner employed 12 Cantonese cooks from Yokohama’s Chinatown and served the ramen arranged for Japanese customers.[15][16] Until the 1950s, ramen was called shina soba (支那そば, literally “Chinese soba”) but today chūka soba (中華そば, also meaning “Chinese soba”) or just ramen (ラーメン) are more common, as the word “支那” (shina, meaning “China”) has acquired a pejorative connotation.[17]

By 1900, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from Canton and Shanghai offered a simple dish of noodles (cut rather than hand-pulled), a few toppings, and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones. Many Chinese living in Japan also pulled portable food stalls, selling ramen and gyōza dumplings to workers. By the mid-1900s, these stalls used a type of a musical horn called a charumera (チャルメラ, from the Portuguese charamela) to advertise their presence, a practice some vendors still retain via a loudspeaker and a looped recording. By the early Shōwa period, ramen had become a popular dish when eating out.[citation needed]رامین

According to ramen expert Hiroshi Osaki, the first specialized ramen shop opened in Yokohama in 1910.[7][18]

After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the American military occupied the country from 1945 to 1952.[4] In December 1945, Japan recorded its worst rice harvest in 42 years,[4][19] which caused food shortages as Japan had drastically reduced rice production during the war as production shifted to colonies in China and Taiwan.[4] The US flooded the market with cheap wheat flour to deal with food shortages.[4] From 1948 to 1951, bread consumption in Japan increased from 262,121 tons to 611,784 tons,[4] but wheat also found its way into ramen, which most Japanese ate at black market food vendors to survive as the government food distribution system ran about 20 days behind schedule.[4] Although the Americans maintained Japan’s wartime ban on outdoor food vending,[4] flour was secretly diverted from commercial mills into the black markets,[4] where nearly 90 percent of stalls were under the control of gangsters locally referred to as yakuza who extorted vendors for protection money.[4] Thousands of ramen vendors were arrested during the occupation.[4] In the same period, millions of Japanese troops returned from China and continental East Asia from their posts in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Some of them would have been familiar with wheat noodles.[4] By 1950 wheat flour exchange controls were removed and restrictions on food vending loosened, which further boosted the number of ramen vendors: private companies even rented out yatai starter kits consisting of noodles, toppings, bowls, and chopsticks.[4]Ramen yatai provided a rare opportunity for small scale postwar entrepreneurship.[4] The Americans also aggressively advertised the nutritional benefits of wheat and animal protein.[4] The combination of these factors caused wheat noodles to gain prominence in Japan’s rice-based culture.[4] Gradually, ramen became associated with urban life.[4]

In 1958, instant noodles were invented by Momofuku Ando, the Taiwanese-Japanese founder and chairman of Nissin Foods. Named the greatest Japanese invention of the 20th century in a Japanese poll,[20] instant ramen allowed anyone to make an approximation of this dish simply by adding boiling water.

Beginning in the 1980s, ramen became a Japanese cultural icon and was studied around the world from many perspectives. At the same time, local varieties of ramen were hitting the national market and could even be ordered by their regional names. A ramen museum opened in Yokohama in 1994.[21]

Today ramen is arguably one of Japan’s most popular foods, with Tokyo alone containing around 5,000 ramen shops,[4] and more than 24,000 ramen shops across Japan.[22]Tsuta, a ramen restaurant in Tokyo’s Sugamo district, received a Michelin star in December 2015.[22]

A wide variety of ramen exists in Japan, with geographical and vendor-specific differences even in varieties that share the same name. Ramen can be broadly categorized by its two main ingredients: noodles and broth.

Most noodles are made from four basic ingredients: wheat flour, salt, water, and kansui (かん水) (from kansui (鹼水, alkaline water)) a type of alkaline mineral water, containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate, as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid. Although ramen noodles and Udon noodles are both made with wheat, they are different kinds of noodle.

The kansui is the distinguishing ingredient in ramen noodles, and originated in Inner Mongolia, where some lakes contain large amounts of these minerals and whose water is said to be perfect for making these noodles. Making noodles with kansui lends them a yellowish hue as well as a firm texture.[citation needed] Eggs may also be substituted for kansui. Some noodles are made with neither eggs nor kansui and should only be used for yakisoba, as they have a weaker structure and are more prone to soaking up moisture and becoming extremely soft when served in soup.[citation needed]

Ramen comes in various shapes and lengths. It may be thick, thin, or even ribbon-like, as well as straight or wrinkled.

Traditionally, ramen noodles were made by hand, but with growing popularity many ramen restaurants prefer to have in-house capacity to produce fresh noodles to meet the increased demand and improve quality. Automatic ramen-making machines imitating manual production methods have been available since the mid. 20th century produced by such Japanese manufacturers as Yamato MFG. and others.[23]

“Nishiyama Ramen noodles maker Co., Ltd.” in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan is the only ramen noodles maker which adds eggs to ramen noodles to make clear yellow-colored, chewy ramen noodles, and many ramen shops adopts the noodles in Hokkaido, Japan.

Ramen soup is generally made from stock based on chicken or pork, combined with a variety of ingredients such as kombu (kelp), katsuobushi (skipjack tuna flakes), niboshi (dried baby sardines), beef bones, pork bones, shiitake, and onions. Some modern ramen broths can also be vegetable-based. Tare is often added to broth to make the soup.

The resulting combination is generally divided into several categories. (although new and original variations often make this categorization less clear-cut) A description of said old variations are as follows:

After basic preparation, ramen can be seasoned and flavored with any number of toppings, including but not limited to:[28]

Seasonings commonly added to ramen are white pepper, black pepper, butter, chili pepper, sesame seeds, and crushed garlic. Soup recipes and methods of preparation tend to be closely guarded secrets.

Most tonkotsu ramen restaurants offer a system known as kae-dama (替え玉), where customers who have finished their noodles can request a “refill” (for a few hundred yen more) to be put into their remaining soup.[29]

While standard versions of ramen are available throughout Japan since the Taishō period, the last few decades have shown a proliferation of regional variations. Some of these which have gone on to national prominence are:

Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido, is especially famous for its ramen. Most people in Japan associate Sapporo with its rich miso ramen, which was invented there and which is ideal for Hokkaido’s harsh, snowy winters. Sapporo miso ramen is typically topped with sweetcorn, butter, bean sprouts, finely chopped pork, and garlic, and sometimes local seafood such as scallop, squid, and crab. Hakodate, another city of Hokkaido, is famous for its salt flavored ramen,[30] while Asahikawa in the north of the island offers a soy sauce-flavored variation.[31] In Muroran, many ramen restaurants offer Muroran curry ramen.[32]

Kitakata ramen is known for its rather thick, flat, curly noodles served in a pork-and-niboshi broth. The area within the former city limits has the highest per-capita number of ramen establishments. Ramen has such prominence in the region that locally, the word soba usually refers to ramen, and not to actual soba which is referred to as nihon soba (“Japanese soba”).

Tokyo-style ramen consists of slightly thin, curly noodles served in a soy-flavored chicken broth. The Tokyo style broth typically has a touch of dashi, as old ramen establishments in Tokyo often originate from soba eateries. Standard toppings are chopped scallion, menma, sliced pork, kamaboko, egg, nori, and spinach. Ikebukuro, Ogikubo and Ebisu are three areas in Tokyo known for their ramen.[citation needed]

Yokohama ramen specialty is called Ie-kei (家系). It consists of thick, straight-ish noodles served in a soy flavored pork broth similar to tonkotsu, sometimes referred to as, tonkotsu-shoyu. The standard toppings are roasted pork (chāshū), boiled spinach, sheets of nori, often with shredded Welsh onion (negi) and a soft or hard boiled egg. It is traditional for customers to call the softness of the noodles, the richness of the broth and the amount of oil they want.

Wakayama ramen in the Kansai region has a broth made from soy sauce and pork bones.[33]

Hakata ramen originates from Hakata district of Fukuoka city in Kyushu. It has a rich, milky, pork-bone tonkotsu broth and rather thin, non-curly and resilient noodles. Often, distinctive toppings such as crushed garlic, beni shōga (pickled ginger), sesame seeds, and spicy pickled mustard greens (karashi takana) are left on tables for customers to serve themselves. Ramen stalls in Hakata and Tenjin are well known within Japan. Recent trends have made Hakata ramen one of the most popular types in Japan, and several chain restaurants specializing in Hakata ramen can be found all over the country.

Tokyo-style ramen

Kitakata ramen

Hakata ramen with tonkotsu soup

Wakayama ramen

Tsukemen dipping ramen

Aburasoba (“oiled noodles”)

Takayama ramen

Hiyashi (chilled) ramen

Butter corn ramen, specialty of Hokkaido

Sapporo-style ramen

Muroran curry ramen

There are many related, Chinese-influenced noodle dishes in Japan. The following are often served alongside ramen in ramen establishments. They do not include noodle dishes considered traditionally Japanese, such as soba or udon, which are almost never served in the same establishments as ramen.
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Ramen is offered in various types of restaurants and locations including ramen shops, izakaya drinking establishments, lunch cafeterias, karaoke halls, and amusement parks. Many ramen restaurants only have a counter and a chef. In these shops, the meals are paid for in advance at a ticket machine to streamline the process.[34]

However, the best quality ramen is usually only available in specialist ramen-ya restaurants. Some restaurants also provide Halal ramen (using chicken) in Osaka and Kyoto. As ramen-ya restaurants offer mainly ramen dishes, they tend to lack variety in the menu. Besides ramen, some of the dishes generally available in a ramen-ya restaurant include other dishes from Japanese Chinese cuisine such as fried rice (called Chahan or Yakimeshi), gyoza (Chinese dumplings), and beer. Ramen-ya interiors are often filled with Chinese-inspired decorations.[35]

Ramen became popular in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan where it is known as rìshì lāmiàn (日式拉麵, lit. “Japanese-style lamian”). Restaurant chains serve ramen alongside distinctly Japanese dishes, such as tempura and yakitori. Interestingly, in Japan, these dishes are not traditionally served with ramen, but gyoza, kara-age and others from Japanese Chinese cuisine.

In Korea, ramen is called ramyeon (라면 / 拉麵). There are different varieties, such as kimchi-flavored ramyeon. While usually served with vegetables such as carrots and green onions, or eggs, some restaurants serve variations of ramyeon containing additional ingredients such as dumplings, tteok, or cheese as topping.[36]

Outside of Asia, particularly in areas with a large demand for Asian cuisine, there are restaurants specializing in Japanese-style foods such as ramen noodles. For example, Wagamama, a UK-based restaurant chain serving pan-Asian food, serves a ramen noodle soup; in the United States and Canada, Jinya Ramen Bar serves tonkotsu ramen.

Instant ramen noodles were exported from Japan by Nissin Foods starting in 1971, bearing the name “Oodles of Noodles”.[37] One year later, it was re-branded “Nissin Cup Noodles”, packaged in a foam food container (It is referred to as Cup Ramen in Japan), and subsequently saw a growth in international sales. Over time, the term “ramen” became used in North America to refer to other instant noodles. While some research has claimed that consuming instant ramen two or more times a week increases the likelihood of developing heart disease and other conditions, including diabetes and stroke, especially in women, those claims have not been reproduced and no study has isolated instant ramen consumption as an aggravating factor.[38][39]

In Akihabara, vending machines distribute warm ramen in a steel can known as ramen kan (らーめん缶). It is produced by a popular local ramen restaurant in flavors such as tonkotsu and curry, and contains noodles, soup, menma, and pork. It is intended as a quick snack, and includes a small folded plastic fork. [40]

In 2009, an emoji for ramen was proposed to Unicode. The emoji was approved for Unicode 6.0 as U+1F35C “STEAMING BOWL” in October 2010.[41]

The Shin-Yokohama Rāmen Museum is a unique museum about ramen, in the Shin-Yokohama district of Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama.[42]


Noodles are an essential ingredient and staple in Chinese cuisine. Chinese noodles vary widely according to the region of production, ingredients, shape or width, and manner of preparation. They are an important part of most regional cuisines within China, and other countries with sizable overseas Chinese populations.

Chinese-style noodles have also entered the cuisines of neighboring East Asian countries such as Korea (jajangmyeon) and Japan (ramen), as well as Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia (kuy teav), Thailand and The Philippines.

Nomenclature of Chinese noodles can be difficult due to the vast spectrum available in China and the many dialects of Chinese used to name them. In Mandarin, miàn (simplified Chinese: 面; traditional Chinese: 麵; often transliterated as “mien” or “mein” ) refers to noodles made from wheat flour, while fěn (粉) or “fun” refers to noodles made from other starches, particularly rice flour and mung bean starch. Each noodle type can be rendered in pinyin for Mandarin, but in Hong Kong and neighboring Guangdong it will be known by its Cantonese pronunciation (“meen” or “mien” for wheat noodles, “fun” for non-wheat). Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and many other Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia may use Hokkien (Min Nan) instead (e.g. “mee” for wheat noodles).

The earliest written record of noodles is from a book dated to the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE).[1] Noodles, often made from wheat dough, became a prominent staple of food during the Han dynasty.[2] In the Western Han Dynasty, due to the demand for military, it was necessary for the Government to implement food processing technologies that would make the food storage easier and more affordable. During this time, “Laomian” emerged, it was made with starch rich buckwheat, millet and pea flours with lower water content, making it easier to store and transport.[3]رامین

During the Song dynasty (960–1279) noodle shops were very popular in the cities, and remained open all night. During the earlier dynastic periods Chinese wheat noodles were known as “soup cake” (Chinese: 湯餅; pinyin: tāng bǐng), as explained by the Song dynasty scholar Huáng Cháo Yīng (黃朝英) mentions in his work “A delightful mixed discussion on various scholarly topics” (Chinese: 靖康緗素雜記; pinyin: jìngkāngxiāngsùzájì, Scroll 2) that in ancient times bready foods like pasta are referred collectively as “bing” and differentiated through their cooking methods.[4]·

Chinese noodles are generally made from either wheat flour, rice flour, or mung bean starch, with wheat noodles being more commonly produced and consumed in northern China and rice noodles being more typical of southern China. Egg, lye, and cereal may also be added to noodles made from wheat flour in order to give the noodles a different color or flavor. Egg whites, arrowroot or tapioca starch are sometimes added to the flour mixture in low quantities to change the texture and tenderness of the noodles’ strands. Although illegal, the practice of adding the chemical cross-linker borax to whiten noodles and improve their texture is also quite common in East Asia.[5] In general, the chinese noodles cooking method involves making a dough with flour, salt, and water; mixing the dough by hand to form bar shapes; bending the bars for proofing; pulling the bars into strips; dropping the strips into a pot with boiling water; and removing the noodles when finished cooking.[6] Chinese type noodles are generally made from hard wheat flours, characterized by bright creamy white or bright yellow color and firm texture. [7]

Before the automatic noodle machine was invented in 1950s, the processing of Chinese noodles were made with four steps, including:

The dough for noodles made from wheat flour is typically made from wheat flour, salt, and water, with the addition of eggs or lye depending on the desired texture and taste of the noodles. Rice- or other starch-based noodles are typically made with only the starch or rice flour and water. After the formation of a pliable dough mass, one of five types of mechanical processing may be applied to produce the noodles:

While cut and extruded noodles can be dried to create a shelf-stable product to be eaten months after production, most peeled, pulled and kneaded noodles are consumed shortly after they are produced.

Peeling thin strips of dough from a loaf directly into a container of boiling water to make daoxiaomian (刀削面)

Pulling wheat dough into one thin strand to form lamian

Noodle maker in Peng Zhou extruding noodles directly into a pot of boiling water.

Noodles may be cooked from either their fresh (moist) or dry forms. They are generally boiled, although they may also be deep-fried in oil until crispy. Boiled noodles may then be stir fried, served with sauce or other accompaniments, or served in soup, often with meat and other ingredients. Certain rice-noodles are made directly from steaming the raw rice slurry and are only consumed fresh.

Unlike many Western noodles and pastas, Chinese noodles made from wheat flour are usually made from salted dough, and therefore do not require the addition of salt to the liquid in which they are boiled. Chinese noodles also cook very quickly, generally requiring less than 5 minutes to become al dente and some taking less than a minute to finish cooking, with thinner noodles requiring less time to cook. Chinese noodles made from rice or mung bean starch do not generally contain salt.

These noodles are made only with wheat flour and water. If the intended product is dried noodles, salt is almost always added to the recipe.

涼麵

刀削麵

撈麵

麵線

生麵

粗麵

These wheat flour noodles are more chewy in texture and yellow in colour either due to the addition of lye (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide) and/or egg. This class of lye water noodles (Chinese: 碱面/碱麵; pinyin: jiǎn miàn) has a subtle but distinctive smell and taste, described by some as being “eggy”.[13]

油麵

幼麵

yī fú mihn

i-hú-mī

Rice-based noodles can be:

These noodles are typically made only with rice and water without the addition of salt. Although unorthodox, some producers may choose to add other plant starches to modify the texture of the noodles.

These noodles are made using various plant starches. Mung bean starch noodles will often be cut with tapioca starch to make them more chewy and reduce production costs.

In China, particularly in western Inner Mongolia and Shanxi province, oat (Avena nuda) flour is called yóu miàn (莜面), and is processed into noodles or thin-walled rolls, which are consumed as staple food.[14] The process of making oat noodles is special. The oat dough is twisted on marble plate which can ensure the dough will not stick on it, into strips and thin-rolls. It can be boiled and also steamed with different sauces to eat.[15]

The following are a small portion of Chinese dishes that incorporate noodles:


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Menma (メンマ, 麺麻, 麺碼) is a Japanese condiment made from lacto-fermented bamboo shoots. The bamboo shoots are dried in the sun or through other means before the process of fermentation. Menma is a common topping for noodle soups, notably ramen. Menma is primarily produced in China, with brands imported from southern China and Taiwan being popular.[1] Menma is also known as shinachiku (支那竹), “Chinese bamboo”.[1][2]

The trading company that would later become Marumatsu Bussan had been exporting dried bamboo shoots produced in Taiwan as shinachiku. In 1946, responding to a formal objection to the use of the term Shina from the Taiwanese government, the Japanese Foreign Ministry issued a memorandum recommending that the term be avoided.[3] Marumatsu Bussan founder Shūsui Matsumura claims that he came up with the new product name menma, a portmanteau of ramen (拉麺) and machiku (麻竹), the type of bamboo from which it is made, after seeing it served atop ramen in Yokohama Chinatown. This name could not be trademarked but gradually became accepted as the common name for the condiment as its popularity grew in Japan.

Menma is not, however, customarily eaten atop noodles in Taiwan; the vegetable toppings on the popular noodle dish Zhajiangmian, 菜碼 (Pinyin: càimǎ) were once called 麵碼 (miànmǎ).[citation needed]

Tonkotsu ramen (豚骨ラーメン) is a ramen dish that originated in Fukuoka,[1]Fukuoka Prefecture on the Kyushu island of Japan, and it is a specialty dish in both Fukuoka and Kyushu. The soup broth is based on pork bones and other ingredients, which are typically boiled for several hours, and the dish is traditionally topped with sliced pork belly and served with ramen noodles that are hard in the center. In Fukuoka, Japan, tonkotsu ramen is referred to as Hakata ramen.

The soup broth for tonkotsu ramen is based upon pork bones, and “tonkotsu” (豚骨 in Japanese) means “pork bones”.[2][3][4] The soup broth is prepared by boiling pork bones in water for a significant amount of time, up to eight hours, and the broth is typically cloudy in appearance.[2][3][5] Additional broth ingredients can include onion, garlic, spring onions, ginger, pork back fat, pig’s trotters, oil and chicken carcasses.[2] For service, cooked ramen noodles and slices of roasted or braised pork belly are added, and additional ingredients can include kombu, kikurage, shōyu, chili bean paste, sesame seeds and others.[2][3]

The traditional preparation method for the ramen noodles used in tonkotsu ramen is for the noodles to be hard in the center.[5] Some ramen shops allow customers to select the level of firmness for the noodles, including futsu for regular or standard, barigane for very hard, barikata for al dente and yawamen for soft.[5] Some restaurants also provide a second order of noodles if requested by the customer, in a system referred to as kaedama.[5]

Tonkotsu ramen originated in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture, which is located on the northern shore of Kyushu island in Japan, and it is a specialty dish in Fukuoka and Kyushu.[3][5] In Fukuoka, the dish is often referred to as Hakata ramen (博多ラーメン) as Hakata is the historical name of central Fukuoka, but can also be called “Tonkotsu Ramen”.[3] The dish is prepared in ramen shops in all other regions of Japan.[3] Tonkotsu ramen was originally prepared as an affordable and easily prepared fast food for laborers at fish markets.[5] In contemporary times, tonkotsu ramen is renowned for the significant time it can take to prepare a proper version of the dish.[2]

Yokohama Chinatown (Japanese: 横浜中華街, Hepburn: Yokohama chūkagai) is located in Yokohama, Japan, which is located just south of Tokyo. Its history is about 160 years long. Today, only a few Chinese people still live in Chinatown, but it has a population of about 3,000 to 4,000. Most of the residents are from Guangzhou (Canton), but many come from other regions.

Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown in Japan (larger than Chinatowns in both Kobe and Nagasaki) and it is one of the largest in the world.[citation needed] There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned or themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, with the highest concentration centered on a 300 m2 (3,200 sq ft) area.

In 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started. Many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of the designated foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform.

In 1923, the Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake. Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless. Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama.

In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown. After the war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built. That is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai (Yokohama Chinatown).
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In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China, and severed relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in the number of visitors to Chinatown. It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama.

On February 1, 2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station, which serves Chinatown directly.

Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car.

There are 6 bus routes from Yokohama Station East bus depot and from Sakuragichō Bus Depot, 16 bus routes that go to Yokohama Chinatown.

Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}35°26′34″N 139°38′45″E / 35.442815°N 139.645929°E / 35.442815; 139.645929

Yokohama Chinatown (Japanese: 横浜中華街, Hepburn: Yokohama chūkagai) is located in Yokohama, Japan, which is located just south of Tokyo. Its history is about 160 years long. Today, only a few Chinese people still live in Chinatown, but it has a population of about 3,000 to 4,000. Most of the residents are from Guangzhou (Canton), but many come from other regions.

Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown in Japan (larger than Chinatowns in both Kobe and Nagasaki) and it is one of the largest in the world.[citation needed] There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned or themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, with the highest concentration centered on a 300 m2 (3,200 sq ft) area.

In 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started. Many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of the designated foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform.

In 1923, the Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake. Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless. Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama.

In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown. After the war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built. That is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai (Yokohama Chinatown).
رامین

In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China, and severed relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in the number of visitors to Chinatown. It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama.

On February 1, 2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station, which serves Chinatown directly.

Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car.

There are 6 bus routes from Yokohama Station East bus depot and from Sakuragichō Bus Depot, 16 bus routes that go to Yokohama Chinatown.

Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}35°26′34″N 139°38′45″E / 35.442815°N 139.645929°E / 35.442815; 139.645929


Noodles are an essential ingredient and staple in Chinese cuisine. Chinese noodles vary widely according to the region of production, ingredients, shape or width, and manner of preparation. They are an important part of most regional cuisines within China, and other countries with sizable overseas Chinese populations.

Chinese-style noodles have also entered the cuisines of neighboring East Asian countries such as Korea (jajangmyeon) and Japan (ramen), as well as Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia (kuy teav), Thailand and The Philippines.

Nomenclature of Chinese noodles can be difficult due to the vast spectrum available in China and the many dialects of Chinese used to name them. In Mandarin, miàn (simplified Chinese: 面; traditional Chinese: 麵; often transliterated as “mien” or “mein” ) refers to noodles made from wheat flour, while fěn (粉) or “fun” refers to noodles made from other starches, particularly rice flour and mung bean starch. Each noodle type can be rendered in pinyin for Mandarin, but in Hong Kong and neighboring Guangdong it will be known by its Cantonese pronunciation (“meen” or “mien” for wheat noodles, “fun” for non-wheat). Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and many other Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia may use Hokkien (Min Nan) instead (e.g. “mee” for wheat noodles).

The earliest written record of noodles is from a book dated to the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE).[1] Noodles, often made from wheat dough, became a prominent staple of food during the Han dynasty.[2] In the Western Han Dynasty, due to the demand for military, it was necessary for the Government to implement food processing technologies that would make the food storage easier and more affordable. During this time, “Laomian” emerged, it was made with starch rich buckwheat, millet and pea flours with lower water content, making it easier to store and transport.[3]رامین

During the Song dynasty (960–1279) noodle shops were very popular in the cities, and remained open all night. During the earlier dynastic periods Chinese wheat noodles were known as “soup cake” (Chinese: 湯餅; pinyin: tāng bǐng), as explained by the Song dynasty scholar Huáng Cháo Yīng (黃朝英) mentions in his work “A delightful mixed discussion on various scholarly topics” (Chinese: 靖康緗素雜記; pinyin: jìngkāngxiāngsùzájì, Scroll 2) that in ancient times bready foods like pasta are referred collectively as “bing” and differentiated through their cooking methods.[4]·

Chinese noodles are generally made from either wheat flour, rice flour, or mung bean starch, with wheat noodles being more commonly produced and consumed in northern China and rice noodles being more typical of southern China. Egg, lye, and cereal may also be added to noodles made from wheat flour in order to give the noodles a different color or flavor. Egg whites, arrowroot or tapioca starch are sometimes added to the flour mixture in low quantities to change the texture and tenderness of the noodles’ strands. Although illegal, the practice of adding the chemical cross-linker borax to whiten noodles and improve their texture is also quite common in East Asia.[5] In general, the chinese noodles cooking method involves making a dough with flour, salt, and water; mixing the dough by hand to form bar shapes; bending the bars for proofing; pulling the bars into strips; dropping the strips into a pot with boiling water; and removing the noodles when finished cooking.[6] Chinese type noodles are generally made from hard wheat flours, characterized by bright creamy white or bright yellow color and firm texture. [7]

Before the automatic noodle machine was invented in 1950s, the processing of Chinese noodles were made with four steps, including:

The dough for noodles made from wheat flour is typically made from wheat flour, salt, and water, with the addition of eggs or lye depending on the desired texture and taste of the noodles. Rice- or other starch-based noodles are typically made with only the starch or rice flour and water. After the formation of a pliable dough mass, one of five types of mechanical processing may be applied to produce the noodles:

While cut and extruded noodles can be dried to create a shelf-stable product to be eaten months after production, most peeled, pulled and kneaded noodles are consumed shortly after they are produced.

Peeling thin strips of dough from a loaf directly into a container of boiling water to make daoxiaomian (刀削面)

Pulling wheat dough into one thin strand to form lamian

Noodle maker in Peng Zhou extruding noodles directly into a pot of boiling water.

Noodles may be cooked from either their fresh (moist) or dry forms. They are generally boiled, although they may also be deep-fried in oil until crispy. Boiled noodles may then be stir fried, served with sauce or other accompaniments, or served in soup, often with meat and other ingredients. Certain rice-noodles are made directly from steaming the raw rice slurry and are only consumed fresh.

Unlike many Western noodles and pastas, Chinese noodles made from wheat flour are usually made from salted dough, and therefore do not require the addition of salt to the liquid in which they are boiled. Chinese noodles also cook very quickly, generally requiring less than 5 minutes to become al dente and some taking less than a minute to finish cooking, with thinner noodles requiring less time to cook. Chinese noodles made from rice or mung bean starch do not generally contain salt.

These noodles are made only with wheat flour and water. If the intended product is dried noodles, salt is almost always added to the recipe.

涼麵

刀削麵

撈麵

麵線

生麵

粗麵

These wheat flour noodles are more chewy in texture and yellow in colour either due to the addition of lye (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide) and/or egg. This class of lye water noodles (Chinese: 碱面/碱麵; pinyin: jiǎn miàn) has a subtle but distinctive smell and taste, described by some as being “eggy”.[13]

油麵

幼麵

yī fú mihn

i-hú-mī

Rice-based noodles can be:

These noodles are typically made only with rice and water without the addition of salt. Although unorthodox, some producers may choose to add other plant starches to modify the texture of the noodles.

These noodles are made using various plant starches. Mung bean starch noodles will often be cut with tapioca starch to make them more chewy and reduce production costs.

In China, particularly in western Inner Mongolia and Shanxi province, oat (Avena nuda) flour is called yóu miàn (莜面), and is processed into noodles or thin-walled rolls, which are consumed as staple food.[14] The process of making oat noodles is special. The oat dough is twisted on marble plate which can ensure the dough will not stick on it, into strips and thin-rolls. It can be boiled and also steamed with different sauces to eat.[15]

The following are a small portion of Chinese dishes that incorporate noodles:


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East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.[3][4] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[5] The East Asian states of China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognized by at least one other East Asian state due to severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan. Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal quasi-dependent territories located in the south of China, are officially highly autonomous but are under de jure Chinese sovereignty. North Asia borders East Asia’s north, Southeast Asia the south, South Asia the southwest and Central Asia the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group, classified as part of Oceania). Countries such as Singapore and Vietnam are also considered a part of the East Asian cultural sphere due to its cultural, religious, and ethnic similarities.

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue, Manchuria and Ryukyu, among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonization by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbors.[6][7][8] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived. Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana[9]), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shintoism in Japan, and Christianity, and Sindoism in Korea.[10][11][12]Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[13][14][15] Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia’s population. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognised ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 38% of the population in Continental Asia and 20.5% of the global population.[16][17][18] The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world’s most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).[when?][citation needed]

East Asia has some of the world’s largest and most prosperous economies: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.[19]

China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[20] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the “Cradle of Eastern Civilization”, in parallel with the “Cradle of Western Civilization” along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.[21]رامین

Chinese civilization existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbors.[22][23][24][25] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[25][26][27] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia’s history for over two millennia due to Imperial China’s economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[28][29][24] Imperial China’s cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia’s first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[30]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbors.[25][31] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanized as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[32][33] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China’s impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty’s northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and Confucian political institutions.[34] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[35] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[36] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[37][38] As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[39][40][41] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan’s political bureaucracy into a more into a more centralized bureaucratic empire.[42] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court’s rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[43] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[44][45] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[46] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia’s most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[47][48][49][50]

As East Asia’s connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China’s power began to decline.[22][51] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[52][53] The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[54][55][56] Around the same time, Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia’s first industrialized nation in the modern era.[57][58][55] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanize its position in the Orient as East Asia’s greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[57][59] By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia’s most dominant power.[59] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.[60] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[61][62][63][64][54] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[57] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[65] After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People’s Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of South Korea and Taiwan, and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power.[5][66][67] Although there have been no wars in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea’s nuclear program.

In common usage, the term “East Asia” typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, and Korea.[68][69][70][71][16][72][73][74][75][76][67]

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia – as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.[77][78][79][80][81] Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.[77][81][82][83][84][85] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[86][87][88] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[86][87]Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[89][90][91]

Broader and looser definitions by international organizations such as the World Bank refer to the “three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea”, as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East and Siberia.[92] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[93] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of sub-national or de facto states, such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as “China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation”.[94]

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[95] but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan.[3][96]

There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.

In business and economics, “East Asia” is sometimes used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term “Far East” is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region’s geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term “Asia Pacific Region” is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.[citation needed]

Observers preferring a broader definition of “East Asia” often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both “East Asia” and “Northeast Asia”.[100][101][102] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[93]

The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[117] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[118][25][119][120][121][122][123][124][81] The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[125][126] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia’s foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China’s economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[29][126] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[122][120][126][118]

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.

*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organised by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

Seoul

Beijing

Beijing is the capital of the People’s Republic of China and the largest metropolis in northern China.

Guangzhou is one of the most important cities in southern China. It has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub today.

Hong Kong is one of the world’s leading global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.

Kaohsiung is the harbor capital and largest city in southern Taiwan.

Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.

Osaka is the second largest metropolitan area in Japan.

Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and is a significant metropolis on the Korean Peninsula.

Shanghai is the largest city in China and one of the largest in the world, and is a global financial centre and transport hub with the world’s busiest container port.

Seoul is the capital of South Korea, one of the largest cities in the world and a leading global technology hub.

Taipei is the de facto capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and anchors a major high-tech industrial area in Taiwan.

Tokyo is the capital of Japan and one of the largest cities in the world, both in metropolitan population and economy.

Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008.

Xi’an or Chang’an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties. It has a significant cultural influence in East Asia.

Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand. A lightning storm can e seen as light pulses near the end of the video.


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رامين قرية فلسطينية في محافظة طولكرم بالضفة الغربية، وهي من القرى التي وقعت في حرب 1967. تبعد رامين عن مركز مدينة طولكرم حوالي 10 كم،[1] وتقع في الجهة الشرقية من المدينة، تحيط بها سلسلة من الجبال، ومجموعة من القرى. وتبلغ المساحة العمرانية 300 دونم.

تبلغ مساحة أراضيها 8.868 دونماً، منها 178 دونماً للطرق والوديان، وتحيط بهذه الأراضي كل من بزاريه، وبيت ليد، وسفارين، وعنبتا، وكفر اللبد، وسبسطية، والناقورة، وبرقة، ودير شرف. ويزرع في أراضيها الحبوب والفول والكرسنة والخضار، ومن الأشجار الزيتون واللوزيات والتين والعنب. ويهتم سكان القرية بتربية الماشية، ويعمل أبناء القرية في سلك التعليم، والتجارة والمهن الحرة.

بلغ عدد سكان القرية عام 1922 م حوالي 320 نسمة، وفي عام 1931م 423 نسمة، وعام 1945م حوالي 630 نسمة، وفي عام 1967م، بعد الاحتلال اليهودي، حوالي 818 نسمة، وعام 1987م حوالي 968 نسمة وعام 1997 م حوالي 1.567 نسمة.

تشرب القرية من نبع يقع على مسافة كيلومترين إلى الشرق منها، وقد سحبت المياه إلى خزان في وسط القرية. وفي القرية جامعان، جامع قديم، وآخر جديد، ومدرستان ابتدائيتان، الأولى للذكور، والأخرى للأناث. وأضيفت للمدرستين صفوف إعدادية، وصفوف ثانوية. وفي القرية كذلك عيادة صحية، ومركز لرعاية الأمومة والطفولة، والقرية مزودة بالمياه والتيار الكهربائي، وأغلبية شوارع القرية وطرقاتها معبدة، ووسائط النقل متوفرة.

من عائلات رامين : عائلة ظافر، وعائلة حمد، وعائلة سلمان، وعائلة زيدان.
رامین

خبرگزاری فارس روز یکشنبه به نقل از وکیل مدافع یاسین رامین خبر داد که حکم اولیه موکلش در پرونده «در پرونده اختلاف مالی با جمعیت هلال احمر» صادر شده اما به گفته او، «بیان جزئیات حکم صادره به ضرر موکلش خواهد بود».

یاسین رامین فرزند محمدعلی رامین مشاور مطبوعاتی محمود احمدی‌نژاد، و همسر مهناز افشار، هنرپیشه سینما و تلویزیون، است.

خبرگزاری فارس ابتدا گزارش داده بود که یاسین رامین به «رد مال یک تا دو میلیون یورو» و مجموعا ۱۷ سال زندان محکوم شده که براساس ماده ۱۳۴ قانون مجازات اسلامی، هفت سال آن اجرا خواهد شد.

خبرگزاری فارس این خبر را ساعاتی پس از انتشار حذف کرد اما این خبر همچنان در وب‌سایت‌های دیگر به نقل از این خبرگزاری قابل مشاهده است.

این حکم بدوی و قابل تجدید‌نظرخواهی است.

رامین

یاسین رامین در مرداد ماه سال ۹۵ با شکایت جمعیت هلال احمر بازداشت و در اسفند همان سال با وثیقه آزاد شد.

وی متهم شده بود که دو میلیون یورو از جمعیت هلال احمر برای واردات دارو و تجهیزات پزشکی دریافت کرده اما این مبلغ را به فروشنده تحویل نداده است.

محسن ضیایی، مدیر عامل سابق جمعیت هلال احمر، پیش از این گفته بود که شرکت دارویی «رشد» که یاسین رامین مالک آن است، واسطه خرید دو میلیون یورو تجهیزات پزشکی از یک شرکت خارجی بوده است.

به گفته آقای ضیایی، طبق قوانین آلمان، هر شرکتی که در این کشور فعالیت می‌کند «باید تحت نظارت و مسئولیت یکی از اتباع آلمان باشد و به همین علت آقای رامین که دارای تابعیت آلمان بود مسئولیت شرکت را عهده‌دار شد».

برخی از رسانه‌ها دلیل تشکیل پرونده برای آقای رامین را واردات «شیر خشک آلوده» به ایران اعلام کرده بودند. با این حال علی فرجی، مدیرعامل سازمان تدارکات پزشکی هلال احمر، در اسفند ماه سال گذشته گفته بود که «پرونده‌ای در مورد شیرخشک‌های فاسد وجود ندارد».

کاخ سفید روز جمعه اعلام کرده است، جیک سالیوان٬ مشاور امنیت ملی جدید آمریکا به طور جداگانه با مقام‌های فرانسه، آلمان، بریتانیا و ژاپن تلفنی گفت‌وگو و رایزنی کرده است.

میلی هورن، سخنگوی شورای امنیت ملی کاخ سفید تصریح کرده است: جیک سالیوان در این تماس با شرکای اروپایی در خصوص «عزم» جو بایدن، رئیس جمهوری آمریکا برای تحکیم اتحاد دو سوی آتلانتیک و همچنین طیفی از مسائل از جمله چین، ایران، روسیه، کره شمالی و همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا با آنها رایزنی کرد.

طبق این گزارش، مشاور امنیت ملی کاخ سفید روز ۲۱ ژانویه در تماس‌های مقدماتی و جداگانه‌ای با امانوئل بون، مشاور دیپلماتیک رئیس جمهور فرانسه، دکتر یان هکر ، مشاور سیاست خارجی و امنیتی رئیس شورای آلمان؛ دومینیک راب، وزیر امور خارجه بریتانیا و شیگرو کیتامورا ، رئیس دبیرخانه امنیت ملی ژاپن صحبت کرده است.

در این بیانیه توضیح بیشتری در خصوص جزئیات مذاکرات جیک سالیوان با اروپایی‌ها ارائه نشده است.

جو بایدن، رئیس جمهوری آمریکا تاکید کرده است که رویکرد او در عرصه بین‌المللی برای مقابله با بحران‌های جهانی همکاری با متحدان اروپایی خواهد بود.

یک فرمانده سابق ارتش بوسنی روز جمعه ۳ بهمن به جرم عدم پیشگیری از کشتار و شکنجه توسط داوطلبان اسلام‌گرایی که در طول جنگ بوسنی بخشی از واحدهای تحت فرمان او بودند، به ده سال زندان محکوم شد.

دادگاهی در شهر سارایوو در حکم خود اعلام کرد که شکیب محمولجین، ۶۸ ساله، مسئول کشتار بیش از ۵۰ صرب تبار ساکن نواحی شمال شرقی بوسنی در ماه‌های پایان جنگ در این کشور است.

قربانیان توسط پیکارجویان موسوم به «مجاهدین» که یکی از واحدهای تحت فرمان لشکر سوم ارتش بوسنی بود به قتل رسیده‌اند. واحد «مجاهدین» متشکل از داوطلبان مسلمانی بود که از کشورهای خاورمیانه، شمال آفریقا و برخی از کشورهای اروپایی به ارتش بوسنی پیوسته بودند.

دادگاه در بخشی از حکم خود گفت: «شکیب محمولجین از ارتکاب جرایم جنگی توسط نیروهای تحت فرمان خود جلوگیری نکرده و مسئولان این جرایم را مجازات نکرده است.»

دادگاه افزود که نیروهای تحت فرمان او علاوه بر کشتار صرب‌ها، اسرای جنگی را که مجروح بودند و حتی غیرنظامیان را شکنجه می‌کردند.

شکیب محمولجین در دسامبر ۲۰۱۵ بازداشت ولی به قید ضمانت آزاد شد. دادستانی بوسنی در ژانویه ۲۰۱۶ رسما علیه او اعلام جرم کرد.

او یکی از معدود فرماندهان مسلمان ارتش بوسنی است که به خاطر ارتکاب جرایم جنگی در طول جنگ ۱۹۹۲ تا ۱۹۹۵ مجازات می‌شود. در این جنگ بیش از صد هزار نفر کشته شدند.

وکیل مدافع آقای محمولجین در دادگاه ادعا کرد که او نمی‌توانسته اقدامات واحد موسوم به «مجاهدین» را کنترل کند. آقای محمولجین می‌تواند به حکم این دادگاه اعتراض کند.

اکثر اسلام‌گرایانی که در جنگ بوسنی شرکت داشتند پس از توافق آتش بس که در سال ۱۹۹۵ با میانجی گری آمریکا به اجرا گذاشته شد، خاک بوسنی را ترک کردند.

کميته مالی سنای آمريکا روز جمعه ۳ بهمن به اتفاق آرا جنت يلن، نامزد پيشنهادی جو بايدن برای وزارت خزانه‌داری را تاييد کرد که راه را برای تاييد صلاحيت او در مجلس سنا هموار می‌کند. در صورت تاييد در سنا، او اولين زنی است که به اين مقام منصوب می‌شود.

به گزارش خبرگزاری رويترز، تمام جمهوری‌خواهان عضو کميته مالی سنا با وجود ابراز نگرانی از طرح‌های مالی بلندپروازانه دولت جو بايدن به خانم يلن رای مثبت دادند ولی از او خواستند که در تنظيم سياست‌های اقتصادی دولت جديد آمريکا با آنها همکاری کند.

جو بايدن اعلام کرده که حدود ۱.۹ تريليون دلار به مقابله با شيوع ويروس و پيامدهای اقتصادی آن و حدود ۲ تريليون دلار نيز به نوسازی زيرساخت‌های کشور، بهره برداری از انرژی‌های قابل بازيافت، آموزش و تحقيقات علمی هزينه اختصاص خواهد داد.

يکی از دلايل اصلی نگرانی جمهوری خواهان تاثير طرح‌های اقتصادی جو بايدن بر افزايش کسری بودجه است. در دوران رياست جمهوری دونالد ترامپ به دليل کاهش چشمگير ماليات شرکت‌های بزرگ در سال ۲۰۱۷ و هزينه‌های ۵ تريليون دلاری مقابله با بحران کرونا، کسری بودجه آمريکا به شدت افزايش يافت.

جنت يلن ۷۴ ساله و اولين زنی بود که از سال ۲۰۱۴ تا ۲۰۱۸ به رياست بانک مرکزی آمريکا منصوب شد. در صورت تصويب صلاحيت او در مجلس سنا چالش اصلی او مديريت و حل بحران اقتصادی ناشی از شيوع ويروس کرونا خواهد بود.

مجلس سنای آمریکا روز جمعه ۳ بهمن لوید آستین، ژنرال چهار ستاره بازنشسته را به عنوان وزیر دفاع جدید آمریکا تایید کرد. او اولین سیاهپوستی است که به این مقام منصوب می‌شود.

مجلس سنا که ۱۰۰ نماینده دارد با ۹۰ رای موافق در برابر ۲ رای مخالف این انتصاب را تایید کرد. نمایندگان هر دو حزب دمکرات و جمهوری خواه از تایید انتصاب ژنرال آستین دو روز پس از مراسم تحلیف جو بایدن ابراز خرسندی کردند.

جک رید، سناتور دمکرات که در پی کنترل این مجلس توسط دمکرات‌ها ریاست کمیته نیروهای مسلح را برعهده گرفته است در سخنان خود به چالش‌های بزرگ و گوناگون آمریکا در شرایط فعلی از جمله مقابله با شیوع ویروس و رقابت با چین اشاره کرد.

او قبل از انجام رای گیری گفت: «ژنرال آستین یک رهبر شایسته با سابقه طولانی و درخشان خدمت در نیروهای مسلح آمریکاست.»

جیمز اینهوف، رییس سابق و جمهوری خواه این کمیته نیز ضمن درخواست از نمایندگان برای دادن رای مثبت گفت:«ما در خطرناک‌ترین برهه زمانی قرار داریم.»

اعضای کنگره آمریکا روز پنجشنبه با اکثریت آرا معافیت ژنرال آستین از مقررات مربوط به انتصاب نظامیان در مقامات عالی وزارت دفاع را تصویب کردند.

طبق این مقررات که هدف آن دادن اولویت به غیرنظامیان است، نظامیان سابق فقط پس از گذشت ۷ سال از بازنشستگی می‌توانند به مقام وزیر دفاع منصوب شوند. ژنرال آستين چهار سال پيش بازنشسته شد و بدون تصويب اين معافيت استثنايی قاعدتا نمی‌توانست به مقام وزير دفاع منصوب شود.

ارتش اسرائیل اعلام کرده پهپادی را که روز جمعه سوم بهمن‌ماه از لبنان وارد آسمان این کشور شده بود هدف قرار داده است.

این گزارش می‌گوید نیروهای دفاعی اسرائیل پهباد یاد شده را رهگیری و ساقط کرده‌اند.

هنوز مقامات لبنان واکنشی به این خبر نشان نداده‌اند، اما تاکنون گزارش‌های متعددی از پروازهای تجسسی پهپادهای حزب‌الله لبنان، گروه شیعه مورد حمایت ایران در مناطق مرزی با اسرائیل منتشر شده است. همچنین حزب‌الله نیز تاکنون بارها مدعی سرنگون کردن پهپادهای اسرائیلی شده است.رامین

اسرائیل طی دو سال گذشته حملات به مکان‌هایی در سوریه را که گفته می‌شود کارخانه‌های ساخت تسلیحات ایران است، شتاب بخشیده و مواضع نیروهای مورد حمایت ایران در این کشور را بمباران کرده است.

اسرائیل می‌گوید ایران از طریق سوریه تسلیحات به حزب‌الله ارسال می‌کند.

روابط عمومی نیروی زمینی سپاه از دستگیری «عامل ترور» یک افسر راهنمایی و رانندگی به نام حسن ملکی خبر داد که در سال ۱۳۹۷ در کرمانشاه کشته شده بود.

به گزارش خبرگزاری مهر، روابط عمومی قرارگاه نجف اشرف نیروی زمینی سپاه روز جمعه، سوم بهمن‌ماه در اطلاعیه‌ای اعلام کرد که اعضای این قرارگاه دوم بهمن‌ماه با «اشراف اطلاعاتی» عامل ترور حسن ملکی را دستگیر کرده‌اند.

بر اساس اطلاعاتی که در خبرگزاری‌های داخلی پیشتر منتشر شده بود، از حسن ملكی به عنوان افسر پليس راهنمايي و رانندگي شهرستان روانسر در کرمانشاه نام برده شده که ۲۳ مرداد ۱۳۹۷ در مقابل منزلش مورد سوء قصد افراد ناشناس قرار گرفت.

در اطلاعیه روابط عمومی نیروی زمینی سپاه درباره مشخصات فرد دستگیرشده و نحوه بازداشت او اطلاعاتی ارائه نشده و تنها آمده است که او «عضو گروهک‌های ضد انقلاب» است که ترور آقای ملکی را در سال ۱۳۹۷ با هدف «ایجاد ناامنی در کشور» انجام داده است.

اداره اطلاعات استان کرمانشاه ۱۷ شهریور ۹۷ در اطلاعیه‌ای اعلام کرده بود که ۱۲ نفر از عوامل و مرتبطان به این «اقدام تروریستی» را شناسایی و در بیست و پنجم مردادماه دستگیر کرده است.

در این اطلاعیه به نام و هویت این دو تیم و اعضای آنها اشاره نشده و آنها فقط «وابسته به کشورهای متخاصم» معرفی شده بودند.

استان‌های آذربایجان غربی، کردستان و کرمانشاه طی سال‌های اخیر شاهد درگیری نیروهای امنیتی ایران با گروه‌های مسلح مخالف جمهوری اسلامی از جمله حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران و اعضای حزب حیات آزاد کردستان، موسوم به پژاک بوده است.

جمهوری اسلامی ایران این گروه‌های مسلح کرد را به «تجزیه‌طلبی»، «تروریسم» و «ارتباط با بیگانگان» متهم می‌کند. از سوی دیگر، اما این گروه‌ها هم جمهوری اسلامی را به نقض حقوق کردها در ایران متهم می‌کنند و می‌گویند هدف‌شان پیگیری حقوق کردها است.

شبکه اجتماعی توییتر، یک اکانت که به عنوان اکانت وابسته به دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار علی خامنه‌ای معرفی شده بود و با انتشار یک پوستر، رئیس‌جمهور پیشین آمریکا را به «انتقام حتمی» تهدید کرده بود، معلق کرده است.

در پوستری که پنج‌شنبه شب در این اکانت (@khamenei_site) منتشر شد، تصویری از دونالد ترامپ در حال بازی گلف و در حالی که سایه یک پهپاد روی زمین بازی گلف دیده می‌شود، طراحی و بالای آن تیتر «انتقام حتمی است»،‌ درج شده بود.

در این پوستر همچنین به نقل از رهبر جمهوری اسلامی آمده است که «انتقام حتمی است قاتل سلیمانی و آمر به قتل سلیمانی باید انتقام‌شان را پس بدهند».

در توضیحی که مقام‌های شبکه اجتماعی توییتر به خبرگزاری رویترز داده‌اند، تاکید کرده‌اند که انتشار این پوستر نقض قوانین این شبکه اجتماعی است ولی اکانتی که این پوستر را منتشر کرده است، اکانت جعلی بوده است.

این موضوع در حالی مطرح می‌شود که توییت منتشر شده در این اکانت، دیشب توسط اکانت توییتر رهبر جمهوری اسلامی بازنشر شد و پوستر تهدید دونالد ترامپ در سایت KHAMENEI.IR نیز منتشر شده است.

دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار رهبر جمهوری اسلامی توسط مسعود خامنه‌ای، فرزند علی خامنه‌ای، اداره می‌شود و مسئولیت اداره سایت KHAMENEI.IR و انتشارات انقلاب اسلامی را بر عهده دارد.

دولت ایران پیش از این دونالد ترامپ را به اتهام «صدور دستور و راهبری» عملیات کشتن قاسم سلیمانی، فرمانده سابق نیروی قدس سپاه تحریم کرده و خواستار محاکمه قضایی او شده است.

قاسم سلیمانی، فرمانده نیروی برون‌مرزی سپاه پاسداران، بامداد ۱۳ دی ۹۸ همراه با ابومهدی المهندس، از اعضای بلندپایه گروه حشدالشعبی، در بغداد در حمله پهپادی به دستور دونالد ترامپ، رئیس جمهوری آمریکا کشته شد.

ایران در واکنش به کشته شدن قاسم سلیمانی، روز ۱۸ دی دست‌کم ۱۲ موشک به پایگاه عین‌الاسد و یک پایگاه دیگر در اربیل محل حضور نیروهای آمریکایی شلیک کرد، ولی می‌گوید که به دنبال گرفتن «انتقام سخت» از آمریکا است.

فرزند ناهید تقوی، شهروند ایرانی-آلمانی که در زندان اوین به‌ سر می‌برد از دولت فدرال آلمان خواست که برای آزادی مادرش مبارزه کند.

مریم کلارن روز پنج‌شنبه، دوم بهمن‌ماه، در توئیتی ضمن تشکر از همه کسانی که با هشتگ freenahid در فضای مجازی برای آزادی این زندانی دوتابعیتی تلاش کردند، تشکر کرد و دوباره از دولت آلمان خواست که برای آزادی مادرش مبارزه کند.

خانم کلارن همچنین از نصب تابلوهایی بر در و دیوار با همین هشتگ خبر داده است.

ناهید تقوی که پیشتر در شهر کلن آلمان زندگی می‌کرد، ۲۵ مهرماه بدون اتهام مشخصی در منزل شخصی خود در تهران بازداشت و به زندان اوین منتقل شد.

مقامات قضایی ایران تاکنون هیچ دلیلی برای بازداشت او ارائه نداده‌اند و امکان دسترسی به وکیل هم به او نداده‌اند.

خبرگزاری فرانسه پیشتر به نقل از جامعه بین‌المللی حقوق بشر در آلمان نوشته بود که دلیل بازداشت خانم تقوی فعالیت طولانی او در زمینه دفاع از حقوق بشر در ایران به خصوص حقوق زنان و دفاع از آزادی بیان بوده است.

خانم کلارن ۹ دی هم با هشدار درباره وخامت حال مادرش خواستار آزادی سریع او شده بود.

کاربران فضای مجازی اواخر دی‌ماه از راه‌اندازی کمپینی در شبکه‌های مجازی به مناسبت سومین ماه بازداشت ناهید تقوی خبر داده بودند.

به گفته سخنگوی وزارت بهداشت ایران، طی ۲۴ ساعت گذشته، ۷۵ نفر دیگر در اثر ابتلا به کرونا جان خود را از دست دادند و شش هزار و ۳۰۵ بیمار جدید شناسایی شدند.

به گزارش خبرگزاری ایلنا، سیما سادات لاری روز جمعه، سوم بهمن‌ماه، همچنین گفت که از مجموع بیماران مبتلا به کرونا در کشور، چهار هزار و ۱۳۴ نفر در وضعیت شدید این بیماری تحت مراقبت قرار دارند.

بر اساس گزارش خانم لاری، تاکنون مجموع بیماران کووید ۱۹ در کشور به یک میلیون و ۳۶۰ هزار و ۸۲۵ نفر و آمار جان‌باختگان این بیماری به ۵۷ هزار و ۲۲۵ نفر رسیده است.

آمار رسمی مبتلایان به کرونا و قربانیان آن همواره با تردید جدی کارشناسان و شماری از مدیران بهداشتی در ایران مواجه بوده و حتی مدیران سازمان نظام پزشکی، آمار قربانیان را سه تا چهار برابر آمار رسمی اعلام شده توسط وزارت بهداشت برآورد کرده‌اند.

سخنگوی وزارت بهداشت ایران امروز درباره وضعیت شهرهای کشور گزارشی ارائه نداد، اما بر اساس آخرین گزارش او در روز پنج‌شنبه، دوم بهمن‌ماه ۱۰ شهر کشور که همگی در استان مازندران واقع شده بودند، دارای وضعیت قرمز بودند.

در گزارش خانم لاری آمده بود که شهرهای آمل، بابل، تنکابن، جویبار، رامسر، ساری، سوادکوه، فریدونکنار، قائمشهر و نکا در وضعیت قرمز قرار دارند.

اما خبرگزاری تسنیم روز جمعه، سوم بهمن‌ماه، به نقل از «مسئولان ستاد کرونای مازندران» اعلام کرد که همه این شهرها از وضعیت قرمز به نارنجی و زرد سوق یافته‌اند.

این مسئولان که به نام و سمت آن‌ها در گزارش خبرگزاری تسنیم اشاره نشده گفته‌اند هم‌اکنون وضعیت کرونایی شهرستان‌های گلوگاه، میاندورود، سیمرغ، سوادکوه شمالی، سوادکوه، عباس‌آباد و کلاردشت زرد است. پیش از این وضعیت سوادکوه قرمز و بقیه شش شهرستان هم نارنجی بود.

خبرگزاری رویترز روز جمعه از تاکید مسئولان برگزاری المپیک در ژاپن بر اجرای این رخداد ورزشی به‌رغم ادامه همه‌گیری کرونا در این کشور و نقاط دیگر جهان خبر داد.

این در حالی است که بخش اعظم کشور ژاپن در حال حاضر در وضعیت اضطراری به سر می‌برد و طبق گزارش‌ها «موج سوم» ابتلا به بیماری کووید ۱۹ همه را غافلگیر کرده است.

به‌رغم این وضعیت، برگزارکنندگان المپیک توکیو روز جمعه تاکید کردند که مسابقات ورزشی طبق برنامه جدید در مردادماه سال ۱۴۰۰ برگزار خواهد شد.

مسابقات المپیک، طبق برنامه، قرار بود اول مرداد ۹۹ در توکیو آغاز به کار کند و مراسم تحویل مشعل نیز اوایل فروردین‌ماه بدون تماشاگر برگزار شد.

اما بحران همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا در نهایت باعث شد که مسئولان المپیک طی تصمیمی کم‌سابقه تاریخ برگزاری رقابت‌ها را به یک سال بعد موکول کنند.

در همین حال یک سخنگوی دولت ژاپن روز جمعه گزارش روزنامه تایمز مبنی بر اذعان مقامات این کشور در خفا به ناممکن بودن برگزاری المپیک را تکذیب کرد.

روزنامه تایمز به نقل از یک مقام ارشد ژاپنی که به نامش اشاره نکرده بود نوشته است که دولت ژاپن اکنون در پی آن است که امتیاز برگزاری المپیک در سال ۲۰۳۲ را کسب کند.

رقابت‌های المپیک فعلا قرار است از اول مرداد ۱۴۰۰ (۲۳ ژوئیه ۲۰۲۱) در توکیو آغاز شود.

دو تن از اعضای بازداشت‌شده یک گروه موسیقی زنان در کرمانشاه با قرار وثیقه آزاد شدند و از سه تن دیگر نیز برای عدم شرکت در کلیپ‌های تبلیغاتی، تعهد کتبی گرفته شده است.

حسن حیدری، رئیس پلیس امنیت کرمانشاه، روز ۲۸ دی‌ماه ضمن «هنجارشکن» خواندن اعضای یک گروه موسیقی در کرمانشاه از شناسایی و بازداشت عوامل دخیل در تولید و انتشار ویدئویی از این گروه خبر داده بود.

آقای حیدری گفته بود که ترانه خواندن آنها «به سفارش یکی از واحدهای صنفی و با هدف تبلیغات توسط یکی از کانون‌های تبلیغاتی شهر کرمانشاه» انجام شده است.

او همچنین از بازداشت صاحب این واحد صنفی و صاحب کانون تبلیغاتی و پلمب دفاتر آنها و مسدود شدن صفحات اینترنتی انتشاردهنده کلیپ آن ترانه خبر داد.

گروه موسیقی بانوان «گلاریس» در سال ٩۶ در کرمانشاه تأسیس شد و در این سال‌ها در زمینه موسیقی فلکلور و سنتی فعالیت داشته است.

به گزارش هرانا، ارگان خبری مجموعه فعالان حقوق بشر در ایران، نازنین اتابکی و نسترن یزدانی‌‌پور، دو خواننده گروه «گلاریس»، روز شنبه، ۲۷ دی‌ماه به جرم خواندن ترانه بازداشت، اما با قرار وثیقه آزاد شدند.

از سه عضو دیگر این گروه موسیقی به نام‌های ملیحه مرادی، سمیرا فرحناکی و الهام یزدانی‌پور هم پس از بارها احضار برای عدم شرکت در کلیپ ‌های تبلیغاتی، تعهد کتبی گرفته شده است.

بر اساس این گزارش مرجان کرمجانی، از دیگر اعضای این گروه موسیقی نیز سال گذشته توسط نهادهای امنیتی در کرمانشاه ممنوع‌‌الفعالیت شده است.

در قوانین جمهوری اسلامی ایران منع قانونی صریحی برای آواز خواندن زنان وجود ندارد؛ با این حال در چهار دهه گذشته هر گونه تک‌خوانی زنان به ویژه در صورتی که مخاطب مرد باشد با برخورد دستگاه‌های قضایی مواجه شده است.

حتی تعدادی از خوانندگان مرد نیز به دلیل کار با خوانندگان زن یا مشخص بودن صدای زن در کارهایشان ممنوع‌الفعالیت شده‌اند.

جشنواره فیلم کن که همواره در اردیبهشت‌ماه هر سال برگزار شده است در سال ۲۰۲۱ «با تاخیر» و احتمالا در میانه تیرماه ۱۴۰۰ برگزار خواهد شد.

نشریه سینمایی معتبر ورایِتی روز پنج‌شنبه خبر داد که مسئولان این جشنواره قرار است در ماه جاری از برگزاری با تاخیر آن خبر بدهند.

در میانه همه‌گیری جهانی کرونا، جشنواره فیلم کن در سال ۲۰۲۰ مثل بسیاری دیگر از جشنواره‌های سینمایی پس از چند بار به تعویق افتادن اعلام کرد که اصلا برگزار نخواهد شد.

حال روزنامه بریتانیایی گاردین به نقل از ورایتی نوشته است که مسئولان جشنواره کن از عزم جزم خود برای برگزاری جشنواره در سال جاری میلادی گفته‌اند.

گرچه تیری فرمو، مدیر جشنواره، هنوز رسما انتقال آن به تاریخی دیگر در تابستان را اعلام نکرده است، ورایتی به نقل از سندیکای هتلداران کن نوشت که جشنواره کن ماه ژوییه یعنی میانه تیرماه ۱۴۰۰ را به این اتحادیه اطلاع داده است.

گاردین نوشته است که پس از ژوییه مشکل تداخل جشنواره کن با دیگر جشنواره‌ها از جمله ونیز و تورنتو پیش می‌آید.

در سال ۲۰۲۰،‌ از میان جشنواره‌های معتبر دنیا، تنها جشنواره ونیز در ایتالیا توانست با استفاده از فرصتی کوتاه در دوره فروکش کردن همه‌گیری در این کشور فعالان سینما را به این شهر بکشاند.

کشور فرانسه در حال حاضر با مشکل اوج‌گیری کرونا و گونه‌های جهش‌یافته آن و افزایش آمار دست به گریبان است، تا آنجا که مقامات مسئول روز جمعه از احتمال یک دوره تعطیلی سختگیرانه‌‌تر برای مقابله با بیماری سخن گفتند.

مدیر روابط عمومی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان خبر شناسایی دو مورد مشکوک به ویروس جهش‌یافته در این استان را تکذیب کرد.

به گزارش ایرنا، فاطمه نوروزیان روز پنج‌شنبه، دوم بهمن‌ماه مطلبی را که از سوی رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان مبنی بر «شناسایی دو مورد مشکوک به ویروس کرونای انگلیسی در هرمزگان» در فضای مجازی منتشر شده بود «بی‌اساس» خواند.

خانم نوروزیان همچنین گفت: «این دانشگاه از طریق پلیس فتا شناسایی منتشرکنندگان این شایعه و برخورد قضایی و حقوقی با آنان را آغاز کرده است.»

بنا بر گزارش‌ها، در روزهای گذشته خبر ابتلای دو جوان به کرونای انگلیسی و بستری شدن آنان با وضعیت حاد در بیمارستان‌های هرمزگان همزمان با انتشار مطلبی موید این خبر از سوی رئیس دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان در برخی گروه‌های خبری در فضای مجازی منتشر شده است.

پنهان‌کاری مقامات وزارت بهداشت ایران درباره کرونا تاکنون مورد انتقاد بسیاری از کارشناسان و حتی برخی مقامات این وزارتخانه از جمله معاون مستعفی تحقیقات و فناوری آن بوده است.

وزیر بهداشت ایران روز ۱۶ دی‌ماه ورود «اولین مورد» ویروس کرونای جهش‌یافته به ایران را در حالی تأیید کرد که بر اساس اعلام‌های رسمی، پروازهای بین ایران و بریتانیا از روز اول دی‌ماه به حالت تعلیق درآمده بود.

سعید نمکی اول بهمن‌ماه از شناسایی ششمین فرد مبتلا به ویروس جهش‌یافته در کشور خبر داد و گفت که این فرد از بریتانیا به کشور بازگشته است.

بنا بر اعلام سازمان هواپیمایی ایران، از ۲۰ دی‌ماه مسافران با مبداء بریتانیا بعد از سفر به چند کشور باز هم از یک کشور ثالث نمی‌توانند وارد ایران شوند.

محمدجواد ظریف، وزیر خارجه ایران، می‌گوید که دولت آمریکا «مانع پرداخت» بدهی ایران به سازمان ملل از محل پول‌های بلوکه‌شده در کره جنوبی شده است.

محمدجواد ظریف که روز جمعه، سوم بهمن، با خبرگزاری ایرنا گفت‌وگو کرده، جزئیات بیشتری در این زمینه نداده، ولی با تایید بدهی ۱۶ میلیون دلاری ایران گفته است ایران آماده بود که این پول را برای «حق رای و کاهش بدهی‌ به سازمان ملل پرداخت» کند.

پیش از این، آنتونیو گوترش، دبیرکل سازمان ملل متحد، اعلام کرده بود که ایران و ۹ کشور دیگر شامل لیبی، نیجر، کنگو، سومالی، سودان جنوبی، جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی، زیمبابوه، سائوتومه و پرنسیپ، به دلیل بدهی مالی به سازمان ملل متحد نباید در مجمع عمومی حق رای داشته باشند.

سعید خطیب‌زاده، سخنگوی وزارت خارجه ایران، روز ۲۸ دی گفته بود که ایران «با توجه به مسدود شدن کانال‌های انتقال منابع مالی توسط آمریکا، از مدت‌ها پیش با خزانه‌داری سازمان ملل در مورد معرفی یک کانال امن توسط سازمان مذکور» مذاکره کرده بود.

جمهوری اسلامی اصرار دارد که به دلیل مسدودسازی دارایی‌های بین‌المللی ایران از سوی دولت ایالات متحده، سازمان ملل از «بانک واسطه» آمریکایی به منظور انتقال حق عضویت ایران استفاده نکند یا دست‌کم این سازمان امنیت مسیر انتقال را تضمین کند.

حشمت مهاجرانی، سر مربی اسبق تیم ملی فوتبال ایران، علی انصاریان و مهرداد میناوند، دو عضو اسبق باشگاه پرسپولیس به دلیل ابتلا به کرونا در بیمارستان بستری شدند.

بر اساس گزارش‌ها، حشمت مهاجرانی در پی ابتلا به کرونا در بیمارستانی در امارات بستری شده است. او به خبرنگاران گفته است چند روز پیش در پی احساس خستگی مفرط به بیمارستان مراجعه کرده و پس از تشخیص ابتلا به کرونا به توصیه پزشکان در آنجا بستری شده است.

علی انصاریان و مهرداد میناوند نیز، به دلیل ابتلا به کرونا در بیمارستان‌هایی در تهران بستری شدند.

‌طبق گفته پزشکان معالج میناوند، ۸۰ درصد ریه او درگیر شده و به خواب مصنوعی برده شده و زیر دستگاه تنفسی است. پزشکان گفته‌اند ریه علی انصاریان هم که ظهر پنج‌شنبه در بیمارستان بستری شده، درگیر شده است.


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رهبر جمهوری اسلامی

«این هم اقتصاد فلجشان است؛ اقتصاد آمریکا به معنای واقعی فلج است.»

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Fig. 1: Raman principle

Raman Spectroscopy is a non-destructive chemical analysis technique which provides detailed information about chemical structure, phase and polymorphy, crystallinity and molecular interactions. It is based upon the interaction of light with the chemical bonds within a material.رامین

Raman is a light scattering technique, whereby a molecule scatters incident light from a high intensity laser light source. Most of the scattered light is at the same wavelength (or color) as the laser source and does not provide useful information – this is called Rayleigh Scatter. However a small amount of light (typically 0.0000001%) is scattered at different wavelengths (or colors), which depend on the chemical structure of the analyte – this is called Raman Scatter.

A Raman spectrum features a number of peaks, showing the intensity and wavelength position of the Raman scattered light. Each peak corresponds to a specific molecular bond vibration, including individual bonds such as C-C, C=C, N-O, C-H etc., and groups of bonds such as benzene ring breathing mode, polymer chain vibrations, lattice modes, etc.

Fig. 2: A typical Raman spectrum, in this case, of aspirin (4-acetylsalicylic acid). The inset image shows the detail which is present in the spectrum

Fig. 3: Raman spectra of ethanol and methanol, showing the significant spectral differences which allow the two liquids to be distinguished.

Raman spectroscopy probes the chemical structure of a material and provides information about:

Typically a Raman spectrum is a distinct chemical fingerprint for a particular molecule or material, and can be used to very quickly identify the material, or distinguish it from others. Raman spectral libraries are often used for identification of a material based on its Raman spectrum – libraries containing thousands of spectra are rapidly searched to find a match with the spectrum of the analyte.

Fig. 4: Mineral distribution

In combination with mapping (or imaging) Raman systems, it is possible to generate images based on the sample’s Raman spectrum. These images show distribution of individual chemical components, polymorphs and phases, and variation in crystallinity.

The general spectrum profile (peak position and relative peak intensity) provides a unique chemical fingerprint which can be used to identify a material, and distinguish it from others. Often the actual spectrum is quite complex, so comprehensive Raman spectral libraries can be searched to find a match, and thus provide a chemical identification.

The intensity of a spectrum is directly proportional to concentration. Typically, a calibration procedure will be used to determine the relationship between peak intensity and concentration, and then routine measurements can be made to analyze for concentration. With mixtures, relative peak intensities provide information about the relative concentration of the components, while absolute peak intensities can be used for absolute concentration information.

Fig. 5: A modern Raman microscope system

Raman spectroscopy can be used for microscopic analysis, with a spatial resolution in the order of 0.5-1 µm. Such analysis is possible using a Raman microscope.

A Raman microscope couples a Raman spectrometer to a standard optical microscope, allowing high magnification visualization of a sample and Raman analysis with a microscopic laser spot. Raman micro-analysis is easy: simply place the sample under the microscope, focus, and make a measurement.

A true confocal Raman microscope can be used for the analysis of micron size particles or volumes. It can even be used for the analysis of different layers in a multilayered sample (e.g., polymer coatings), and of contaminants and features beneath the surface of a transparent sample (e.g., impurities within glass, and fluid/gas inclusions in minerals).

Motorized mapping stages allow Raman spectral images to be generated, which contain many thousands of Raman spectra acquired from different positions on the sample. False color images can be created based on the Raman spectrum – these show the distribution of individual chemical components, and variation in other effects such as phase, polymorphism, stress/strain, and crystallinity.

HORIBA Scientific now incorporates the major innovators of Raman instrumentation from the 1960s to the 1990s – Spex Industries, Coderg/Lirinord/Dilor, and Jobin Yvon. From these beginnings through to the present day, HORIBA Scientific and its associated companies have been at the forefront of the development of Raman spectroscopy.

The Raman microscope was developed in Lille, France under the direction of Professor Michel Delhaye and Edouard DaSilva, and was commercially produced as the MOLE™ (Molecular Optics Laser Examiner) by Lirinord (now HORIBA Scientific). It developed as the molecular analog of Castaing’s electron microscope. As such it provides bonding information on condensed phase materials; in addition to detection of molecular bonding, identification of the crystalline phase and other more subtle effects also proved of significant interest.

The microscope was initially integrated with the scanning double grating monochromator (c. 1972). When high sensitivity, low noise multichannel detectors became available (mid 1980s), triple stage spectrographs were introduced with the microscope as an integrated component. In 1990 the holographic notch filters were demonstrated to provide superior laser rejection so that a Raman microscope could be built on a single stage spectrograph and provide enhanced sensitivity. Compared with the original scanning double monochromators, collection times for comparable spectra (resolution and signal to noise for a given laser power) is now at least two to three orders of magnitude higher than what it was 35 years ago.

These core innovations have been pioneered in the HORIBA Scientific labs in northern France by the scientists and engineers who were trained in Professor Delhaye’s laboratory, taking advantage of hardware as it came available. This included holographic gratings, notch filters, air-cooled lasers, multichannel detectors (first intensified diode arrays and then CCDs), high power computers, and associated developments in electronics and software.

More recent developments in the Raman technique include SRS (Stimulated Raman Scattering), SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering), TERS (tip enhanced Raman scattering), integration with electron microscopes and atomic force microscopes, hybrid single bench systems (e.g., Raman-PL, Epifluorescence, Photocurrent), Transmission Raman (for true bulk material analysis).

Because of the leadership that HORIBA Scientific and its associated companies have played in the industry, well- equipped applications laboratories with highly qualified scientists have been employed continuously for more than 30 years in developing the applications of these innovative instruments.

Raman can be used to analyze many different samples. In general it is suitable for analysis of:

In general it is not suitable for analysis of:

Typical examples of where Raman is used today include:

Raman spectra can be acquired from nearly all samples which contain true molecular bonding. This means that solids, powders, slurries, liquids, gels and gases can be analyzed using Raman spectroscopy.

Although gases can be analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, the concentration of molecules in a gas is typically very low, so the measurement is often more challenging. Usually specialized equipment such as higher powered lasers and long path length sample cells are necessary. In some cases where gas pressures are high (such as gas inclusions in minerals) standard Raman instrumentation can easily be used.

The Raman spectrum from a material will contain Raman information about all of the molecules which are within the analysis volume of the system. Thus, if there is a mixture of molecules, the Raman spectrum will contain peaks representing all of the different molecules. If the components are known, the relative peak intensities can be used to generate quantitative information about the mixture’s composition. In case of complex matrixes, chemometrics methods might also be employed to build quantitative methods.

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